Copperpod provides intellectual property services such as technology research, prior art search, claim charts, source code review and analysis for patent infringement, patent invalidity and patent monetization. Intangible Assets Now Represent Over 80% of Total Net Worth for High-Tech Enterprises Valuing the Invisible A Global Study on Intagible Assets Market Value Download We are the world's leading source code reviewers A deep understanding of source code evidence is crucial for trial attorneys and expert witnesses to prevail at trial. Power your infringement case with Copperpod's battle-proven source code review services. 100 + Code Reviews 120 Million+ Lines of Code Reviewed BEST PRACTICES for a successful code review LEARN MORE about how we can improve litigation outcomes using code review Insights MORE ON OUR BLOG IN THE NEWS World’s Leading IP Strategists 2025 World’s Leading IP Strategists 2024 World’s Leading IP Strategists 2023 World’s Leading IP Strategists 2022 Top 10 Admired Leaders of 2024 Top 10 Best Corporate Women Leaders from Punjab – 2024 Top 10 Inspiring CEOs of 2024 Top 10 Influential Leaders of 2023 Top 10 Inspiring CEOs of 2023 Top 10 Intellectual Property Rights Consultants 2023 30 Fastest Growing Companies to Watch in 2023 Top 10 Most Influential People in Leadership Consulting in 2023 Top 10 Admired Leaders of 2023 Top 10 Intellectual Property Rights Consultants 2022 Technology Research & Forensics Firm of the Year 2023 TESTIMONIALS "The Copperpod team is super smart , but more importantly, can explain complex technologies to non-technical people. I worked with them on a data compression case and they were an invaluable resource at depositions, during discovery, and throughout ." Principal, McKool Smith PC SPOTLIGHT "Patent mining is more than just a technical process—it’s a strategic skill that blends innovation, market intelligence, and legal foresight. This journey taught me that success in patent mining requires more than just searching databases. It demands a deep understanding of technology , a keen eye for business value, and the ability to think like an innovator and an enforcer ." Read Case Study Aryan Bathla Research Analyst - II Join Copperpod Be a part of our diverse team and explore the world of intellectual property. Join Us

Copperpod IP's patent litigation consultants and technical experts identify key evidence for patent cases through source code review and reverse engineering. Product Testing Packet Capture Using industry best testing techniques, our engineers set up typical use case scenarios involving target products and thoroughly test and document the use cases to show how typical users of the product infringe on a given patent claim(s). Whether it is consumer electronics like smartwatches and smartphones, or enterprise solutions like videoconferencing systems, we design each experiment to closely match the real-world implementation. Using over 50 packet sniffing, penetration testing and information gathering tools such as Wireshark, Fiddler, BlueRanger and PacketRanger, our engineers capture, decode and analyze network interaction between systems to show in detail messaging protocols and content shared between different devices in real-world implementations - to show under-the-surface proof of infringement.

Copperpod IP's patent litigation consultants and technical experts identify key evidence for patent cases through source code review and reverse engineering. Teardown & Reverse Engineering In order to reveal the true structure of an IC chip, our engineers employ Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and other similar techniques to show each individual layer in the chip. We partner with the leading testing laboratories across the country in order to leverage the best tools and the best expertise required for understanding and documenting the internal structure - while keeping costs of discovery low for the client. We tear down electronics products such as smartphones, televisions, wearables, peripherals, etc. to reveal the internal circuity and IC packages that implement core functionalities of the products. Identifying each chip in the products helps our client conduct litigation discovery in the right direction as well as improve technical accuracy of their damages/royalty calculation. Our engineers use state of the art RE techniques to decapsulate IC packages in order to reveal the technology and materials used in fabricating a given chip - as well as the general blueprint and major component blocks inside the chip. Want to know more about how we use reverse engineering to show evidence of patent infringement? Contact Us How does a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) work? Read More How does a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) work? Read More What is EELS (Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy)? Read More What is EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy)? Read More

1.Introduction As the automotive industry accelerates toward a future defined by ubiquitous connectivity, intelligent automation, and heightened road safety, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication emerges as a foundational pillar of next-generation mobility. V2X is not merely a singular technology but an integrated ecosystem of communication protocols that empower vehicles to interact with a wide array of external entities—including other vehicles (V2V), infrastructure (V2I), pedestrians (V2P), networks (V2N), devices (V2D), the cloud (V2C), and even the electric grid (V2G). This seamless interaction facilitates real-time data exchange that extends a vehicle’s situational awareness beyond what is perceptible through onboard sensors alone, unlocking unprecedented levels of automation, safety, and efficiency. While the concept of vehicular communication dates back several decades, the confluence of modern wireless technologies (such as 5G and Dedicated Short Range Communications), enhanced sensor systems (LiDAR, radar, and computer vision), and advancements in edge computing and real-time analytics have transformed V2X from a speculative vision into a tangible, deployable solution. Today, V2X-equipped vehicles can anticipate collisions, adapt to changing traffic conditions, communicate road hazards, and collaborate with traffic management systems to reduce emissions and travel time. Moreover, infusing Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) into V2X systems has enabled more adaptive, self-learning transportation solutions. These systems continuously evolve by analyzing massive data streams, optimizing routes, predicting driving behavior, and enhancing the decision-making of autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles. At the same time, growing attention to cybersecurity and data privacy ensures that vehicles remain protected against malicious attacks and data breaches as they become increasingly connected. The strategic integration of V2X with electric vehicle infrastructure—especially through V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) technologies—also paves the way for smarter energy management and sustainable urban living. Vehicles are no longer just modes of transport but active nodes in a wider digital and energy ecosystem. This article delves into the intricate landscape of V2X communication, offering a holistic perspective on its core components, real-world applications, and transformative potential. It discusses the key benefits, such as safety enhancement, traffic optimization, and environmental sustainability, while addressing the current technological, regulatory, and economic challenges. Additionally, it surveys ongoing research, global pilot projects, market trends, and the pivotal role of policy and standardization bodies. Whether you're an engineer, researcher, policymaker, or mobility enthusiast, this comprehensive guide aims to illuminate the path V2X is carving toward a smarter, safer, and more connected transportation future. 2.Understanding V2X and Its Subcomponents This image presents the V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) communication ecosystem. It illustrates the interactions between a connected vehicle and various entities—such as other vehicles (V2V), infrastructure (V2I), pedestrians (V2P), the cloud (V2C), and the power grid (V2G)—highlighting the dynamic, data-driven environment of modern mobility systems. The details are as follows - Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication is an umbrella term covering multiple specific technologies that enable information exchange between a vehicle and any entity it may interact with. These include: · Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V): This enables vehicles to communicate directly to share data such as speed, position, and intent. This helps in collision avoidance, especially at intersections or in low-visibility conditions. · Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I): Allows communication between vehicles and roadway infrastructure like traffic lights, toll booths, and road signs, enabling predictive traffic control and smoother rides. · Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P): Engages with devices carried by pedestrians or cyclists to alert vehicles and reduce accidents involving vulnerable road users. · Vehicle-to-Network (V2N): Connects vehicles to broader networks, such as cloud-based services and traffic management systems, providing real-time updates on weather, traffic, or hazards. · Vehicle-to-Cloud (V2C): Supports over-the-air updates, diagnostics, and data logging, helping OEMs improve and maintain vehicles post-sale. · Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G): Enables electric vehicles (EVs) to interact with the power grid, allowing bi-directional energy flow for grid balancing and demand response. · Vehicle-to-Device (V2D): Connects with nearby smart devices, including smartphones and wearables, enhancing driver and passenger experience.   3. Applications, Benefits, and Challenges of V2X As Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication evolves from research labs into real-world deployments, its transformative potential across the transportation ecosystem becomes increasingly evident. V2X is a technological advancement and a catalyst for redefining how people, goods, and vehicles move through urban and rural landscapes. This section explores the real-world applications that are already reshaping mobility, highlights the benefits of widespread V2X adoption for safety, efficiency, and sustainability, and candidly addresses the challenges and limitations that must be overcome to fully realize its promise. By understanding this dynamic interplay, stakeholders can better navigate the complex path toward a smarter, safer, and more connected future of transportation. The image below presents multiple applications, benefits, and limitations of V2X. 3.1.  Benefits of V2X Implementation The integration of V2X communication in transportation networks offers a range of compelling benefits that impact safety, environmental sustainability, and operational efficiency. These advantages pave the way for smarter mobility systems and support the shift toward next-generation transportation models. · Enhanced Safety: V2X communication significantly improves road safety by reducing incidents caused by human error. Through predictive alerts, cooperative awareness messages, and synchronized driving behaviors, vehicles can avoid collisions and respond to potential hazards more effectively. · Environmental Impact: By enabling eco-driving techniques and more fuel-efficient routing decisions, V2X helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption, contributing to cleaner and more sustainable transportation systems. · Efficiency Gains: V2X supports better traffic coordination and asset utilization, reducing travel delays and congestion. Urban mobility becomes smoother with systems that manage traffic based on real-time data from connected vehicles. · Support for New Business Models: V2X lays the groundwork for innovative business approaches such as Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS), autonomous fleet operations, and smart logistics platforms, all of which rely on connected, data-driven ecosystems. · Energy Management: With Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems integration, electric vehicles (EVs) can act as distributed energy resources. This allows them to feed power back into the grid during peak hours, enhancing grid stability and reducing overall energy stress.   3.2.  Challenges and Limitations While the potential of V2X is vast, several obstacles hinder its seamless adoption. Addressing these challenges is essential for scaling up deployment and ensuring the technology delivers on its promise across all mobility sectors. · Data Privacy & Security: As vehicles become mobile data centers, securing their communication channels against cyber threats and ensuring the privacy of transmitted information becomes a top concern. Preventing unauthorized access and misuse is critical. · Infrastructure Investment: Implementing V2X on a large scale demands extensive upgrades to existing roadways, communication systems, and back-end infrastructure. This requires high upfront costs and long-term planning from governments and industries. · Standardization: The lack of a unified global standard—especially the divide between DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communication) and C-V2X (Cellular V2X)—creates compatibility issues and hinders international interoperability. · Adoption Rate: V2X technology delivers its full benefits only when a critical mass of vehicles and infrastructure elements are equipped. Low initial adoption rates reduce the effectiveness and attractiveness of early deployments. · Latency and Reliability: Many V2X use cases, especially those related to collision avoidance and real-time decision-making, require ultra-low latency and high reliability. Meeting these performance standards is technically demanding. · Legal and Ethical Barriers: Complex questions around liability in the event of accidents, data ownership rights, and ethical decision-making in autonomous scenarios remain unresolved and require comprehensive policy frameworks.   3.3.  Applications Transforming Mobility V2X technology is not a theoretical concept—it is actively reshaping how vehicles operate and interact within transportation systems. The following applications highlight how V2X is being used to enhance mobility across diverse use cases. · Collision Avoidance: Connected vehicles can communicate with each other and with roadside infrastructure to anticipate potential accidents. This real-time exchange of information enables vehicles to take preventive actions, significantly reducing fatalities and injuries. · Traffic Flow Optimization: Smart traffic management systems powered by V2X can adjust signal timings dynamically based on vehicle density and road conditions, reducing congestion and improving travel times, especially in urban environments. · Autonomous Driving: V2X provides a critical supplement to onboard sensors for autonomous vehicles. It offers an added layer of awareness by delivering information from beyond the line of sight, increasing system robustness, and driving confidence. · Emergency Services Coordination: Emergency vehicles equipped with V2X can communicate their approach to traffic lights and nearby vehicles. This helps create a clear path through intersections and congested areas, reducing response times. · Eco-driving and Platooning: V2X allows vehicles to drive in coordinated groups (platoons), maintaining optimal speeds and minimizing unnecessary braking or acceleration. This improves fuel efficiency and lowers emissions. · Smart Parking: Connected vehicles can receive real-time updates about available parking spaces, guiding drivers directly to open spots. This reduces the time spent searching for parking and contributes to lower fuel use and emissions. · Augmented Navigation: V2X data enhances traditional navigation by adding context-aware updates such as construction zones, temporary roadblocks, or localized hazards. This is especially useful in GPS-challenged environments like tunnels or dense urban areas.   4.Communication Technologies & Standards Effective and reliable communication is the backbone of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) ecosystems. Several technologies and standards have been developed and refined to support diverse V2X applications—ranging from basic safety messaging to high-bandwidth data exchange for autonomous driving. Below are the primary communication technologies currently shaping the V2X landscape:   4.1.  Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC): A Wi-Fi-based technology built on the IEEE 802.11p standard, DSRC operates in the 5.9 GHz band and was one of the earliest V2X communication solutions adopted, especially in the United States. It supports direct communication between vehicles (V2V) and between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I) with low latency (~1 ms), making it suitable for time-critical applications such as collision avoidance and emergency electronic brake lights. However, despite successful field trials and deployments, DSRC adoption has slowed with the rise of cellular-based alternatives.   4.2.  Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X): Introduced by 3GPP in Release 14, C-V2X leverages LTE and 5G networks to facilitate both direct communications (vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-infrastructure, and vehicle-to-pedestrian) via the PC5 interface, and network-based communications via the Uu interface (vehicle-to-network/cloud). C-V2X improves coverage, scalability, and spectral efficiency over DSRC and supports better integration with existing mobile infrastructure, making it more attractive for large-scale commercial deployments.   4.3.  5G NR-V2X (New Radio - Vehicle-to-Everything): A significant advancement introduced in 3GPP Releases 16 and 17, 5G NR-V2X extends the capabilities of C-V2X by offering ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), high data throughput, and enhanced mobility support. This paves the way for advanced use cases such as: · Cooperative Perception: Sharing real-time sensor data between vehicles to "see" around corners. · Platooning: Enabling tightly grouped vehicle convoys with synchronized braking and acceleration. · Remote Driving & Teleoperation: Allowing vehicles to be remotely controlled in specific scenarios (e.g., logistics yards, mining sites).   4.4.  ETSI ITS-G5 (Europe): The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) developed ITS-G5 as a regional standard for short-range communication. Based on the IEEE 802.11p/DSRC framework but adapted for European regulatory environments, ITS-G5 supports Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) by enabling low-latency broadcast of safety messages such as CAM (Cooperative Awareness Messages) and DENM (Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages). Countries like Germany and the Netherlands have conducted extensive trials using ITS-G5.   4.5.  Global Standardization and Regulatory Bodies Several international organizations play crucial roles in defining, validating, and harmonizing V2X communication protocols and standards to ensure interoperability, scalability, and security: · IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) o   IEEE 802.11p: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE); forms the basis for DSRC. o   IEEE 1609.x Series: §  1609.2: Security services for WAVE §  1609.3: Networking services §  1609.4: Multi-channel operations §  1609.12: Identifier requirements · 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) o  Release 14: Introduced C-V2X, supporting PC5 (direct) and Uu (network) interfaces. o Release 16 & 17: Introduced 5G NR-V2X with URLLC and advanced features like cooperative sensing and platooning. o   Relevant Technical Specs: §  TS 22.185: V2X Services Requirements §  TS 23.285: Architecture Enhancements for V2X §  TS 36.885 / TS 38.885: V2X performance evaluation · ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) o   ETSI ITS-G5: Based on IEEE 802.11p, adapted to EU spectrum and safety requirements. o   Key ETSI Standards: §  EN 302 663: Physical and MAC layer specifications for ITS-G5 §  EN 302 637-2 (CAM): Cooperative Awareness Messages §  EN 302 637-3 (DENM): Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages §  TS 102 940 / 941: Security architecture and trust models §  TR 101 607: Use cases for cooperative ITS ·        SAE International o   SAE J2735: Defines message sets (e.g., BSM – Basic Safety Message, SPaT, MAP). o   SAE J2945/x Series: Performance requirements §  J2945/1: V2V safety communications §  J2945/2: V2I communications (e.g., signal phase and timing) §  J2945/9: For emergency vehicle alerting, work zones, etc. o   SAE also collaborates with IEEE on harmonized WAVE standards. ·        ISO (International Organization for Standardization) o   ISO 21217: ITS architecture—communication access layer for ITS stations o   ISO 21218: ITS facilities—medium and interface selection o   ISO 21177: Security services for V2X o   ISO 20077-1 & 2: Vehicle identification and usage-based insurance systems o   Works with ETSI and CEN under the European Cooperative ITS (C-ITS) framework. ·        ITU (International Telecommunication Union) o   ITU-R M.2084-0: Radio interface standards for ITS applications o   ITU-T FG-ITS (Focus Group on ITS): Studies and recommendations on ITS architectures o   Plays a key role in spectrum allocation, especially for 5.9 GHz bands globally. These technologies and standards collectively form the technical foundation of V2X deployments across regions, helping stakeholders—from OEMs and Tier-1 suppliers to governments and telecom operators—achieve the goals of safety, automation, and smart mobility.   5. Major Companies and Collaborations · A wide array of leading technology companies, automotive manufacturers, and semiconductor firms are driving innovation in the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) space. One of the foremost players is Qualcomm, which has emerged as a global leader in developing Cellular V2X (C-V2X) chipsets. Their solutions form the technological backbone of many connected vehicle ecosystems piloted today. · Similarly, NXP Semiconductors provides highly integrated V2X-ready solutions that support both Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) and Cellular-V2X technologies, catering to varied regulatory and market preferences worldwide. Companies like Bosch and Continental are actively collaborating with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to integrate onboard V2X modules into next-generation vehicles, ensuring seamless data communication and enhanced safety functionalities. · Autotalks, a semiconductor company focused exclusively on V2X communication processors, is critical in delivering high-performance and secure solutions to support advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving technologies. On the automotive front, major manufacturers such as Ford, General Motors (GM), Toyota, BMW, and Audi are conducting real-world trials of V2X systems in their vehicles, laying the groundwork for widespread commercial deployment. · Telecommunication giants like Huawei and Ericsson are instrumental in shaping the 5G-V2X infrastructure. Their work includes enabling ultra-low latency and high-bandwidth communication between vehicles and their surroundings, a key enabler for the safe operation of autonomous vehicles. Meanwhile, chipmakers such as Intel and NVIDIA are pioneering AI-powered edge computing systems that process V2X data in real-time. These platforms help vehicles make split-second decisions by analyzing data from multiple sources, including other vehicles, traffic infrastructure, and the cloud.   5.1.  Government and Public-Private Partnerships · Governmental bodies and cross-sector collaborations are pivotal in facilitating the adoption of V2X technologies. For instance, the U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT) Smart City Challenge has provided funding and support for pilot projects integrating connected transportation systems across urban areas. Similarly, the European Union’s C-Roads Platform coordinates multiple cross-border pilot deployments of C-ITS (Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems) across member countries. ·The 5G Automotive Association (5GAA) exemplifies a robust public-private initiative, uniting automotive, telecommunications, and infrastructure stakeholders. This consortium works to define common standards and foster global harmonization in the deployment of V2X technologies. In Asia, Japan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) are actively shaping policies and supporting infrastructure pilots to mainstream connected car technologies throughout the country.   5.2.  Research Initiatives and Funding · Research institutions and government-backed programs are playing a vital role in the continued advancement of V2X communication. The Horizon Europe Program, the EU’s flagship research and innovation initiative, is channeling substantial funds toward connected vehicle and intelligent transportation system (ITS) projects. In the United States, the DOT’s Connected Vehicle Pilot Deployment Program has established testbeds in Tampa, New York City, and Wyoming, each demonstrating unique V2X use cases from urban congestion management to rural roadway safety. · In China, the National Intelligent Connected Vehicle Innovation Center (CICV) leads efforts to unify V2X development and accelerate its national deployment. The UK's Zenzic CAM Testbed UK provides a robust environment for testing connected and autonomous mobility (CAM) technologies in real-world conditions, supporting innovators in validating their systems before large-scale implementation. · Academic institutions are also making substantial contributions to the V2X ecosystem. Universities such as MIT, Stanford, Technical University of Munich (TU Munich), and Tsinghua University are conducting cutting-edge research in areas like communication protocols, multi-modal traffic simulations, and V2X cybersecurity architectures. These efforts are helping shape the technical foundations and safety frameworks necessary for the global rollout of V2X technologies.   6. Current and Future Trends · Integration with AI & Edge Computing: Vehicles are increasingly equipped with onboard AI and edge processing units, enabling real-time data analysis and ultra-fast decision-making without relying on distant cloud servers. · Cybersecurity Frameworks: Advanced intrusion detection systems (IDS) are being developed to monitor in-vehicle networks and roadside infrastructure, addressing vulnerabilities in V2X communications. · Urban Smart Zones: Cities worldwide are experimenting with geofenced areas—such as school zones or high-traffic districts—where V2X-enabled vehicles can automatically adjust behavior to enhance safety and manage congestion. · Blockchain for Trust Management: Researchers are exploring blockchain-based systems to ensure secure identity management, message authentication, and trust validation among V2X participants. · Standard Convergence: Industry stakeholders are working toward unifying DSRC and C-V2X protocols to streamline global deployment and ensure cross-border interoperability. · Satellite-V2X Integration: Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks like Starlink are being investigated to extend V2X coverage in remote and rural regions lacking terrestrial infrastructure. Future Outlook (2030): Over 75% of newly manufactured vehicles are projected to feature V2X capability, supporting the global shift toward smart city infrastructure and autonomous mobility.   7. Patent Data The images below illustrate a heat map of key concepts across various assignees, followed by the top 10 patent-holding assignees, and finally, the distribution of patent counts by protection country. This heatmap visualizes the number of patents filed by various companies across different V2X-related technology concepts. Warmer colors (red/orange) indicate higher patent counts, highlighting that companies like OPPO and Huawei are leading in areas like Vehicle Internet and Communication Technology. From the above charts, China leads by a significant margin in the number of patent filings related to the technology, followed by the US and Europe (EP), highlighting China's dominance in V2X innovation. Similarly, Huawei and Guangdong OPPO Mobile are the top patent holders in this domain, with Qualcomm following, indicating strong R&D activity by leading Chinese and US firms in the V2X communication space.   8.Conclusion Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication represents a transformative milestone in the evolution of intelligent transportation systems. By enabling real-time data exchange between vehicles, infrastructure, pedestrians, networks, devices, and the energy grid, V2X has the potential to significantly enhance road safety, reduce traffic congestion, improve fuel efficiency, and support the emergence of fully autonomous vehicles. Integrating V2X with cutting-edge technologies such as 5G, Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and edge/cloud computing is paving the way for a highly responsive and predictive mobility ecosystem. These advancements are reshaping how vehicles operate and interact and influencing urban planning, emergency response strategies, and environmental sustainability through smart grid integration (V2G). Despite the immense potential, challenges remain—particularly in areas like data privacy, standardization across borders, infrastructure investments, and the need for seamless interoperability among diverse manufacturers and platforms. However, the accelerating collaboration between automotive OEMs, technology companies, telecom providers, and regulatory authorities fosters an environment conducive to innovation and large-scale deployment. Moreover, the rise of smart cities, the electrification of transport, and the demand for sustainable logistics provide fertile ground for V2X to thrive. V2X will support vehicles as these ecosystems mature and serve as a backbone for safer, greener, and more efficient urban living. In the coming decades, V2X will move from a visionary concept to a foundational pillar of modern mobility—transforming how we travel and how cities communicate, respond, and evolve.   References 1. ETSI Intelligent Transport Systems: https://www.etsi.org/technologies/intelligent-transport   2. SAE International V2X Standards: https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j2735_202007/   3. 5G Automotive Association (5GAA): https://5gaa.org/   4. U.S. Department of Transportation – V2X Research: https://www.its.dot.gov/research_archives/dsrc/dsrc.htm   5. Qualcomm C-V2X Overview: https://www.qualcomm.com/products/cellular-v2x   6. NXP V2X Platform: https://www.nxp.com/products/automotive/v2x   7. European Commission C-Roads Platform: https://www.c-roads.eu/   8. Autotalks V2X Solutions: https://www.auto-talks.com/   9. V2X Vehicle-to-Everything Communication – The Future of Autonomous Connectivity: https://www.keysight.com/blogs/en/inds/auto/2024/10/03/v2x-post   10. Bosch V2X: https://www.bosch-mobility.com/en/solutions/connectivity/vehicle-to-everything-v2x/   11. IEEE 802.11p: https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.11p/6795/   12. U.S. DOT Connected Vehicle Pilots: https://www.its.dot.gov/pilots/index.htm   13. CAM Testbed UK: https://zenzic.io/testbed-uk/   14. Horizon Europe Mobility Projects: https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/area/mobility-transport   15. MIC & MLIT Japan: https://www.soumu.go.jp/english/index.html   16.  https://www.orbit.com/#PatentListPage , accessed on April 7, 2025

What Is Ruby? Yukihiro Matsumoto created Ruby, an open-source, interpreted, object-oriented programming language, with the gemstone's name implying "a jewel of a language." Ruby is intended to be straightforward, complete, extensible, and portable. Ruby, which was developed primarily on Linux, works on a wide range of platforms, including most UNIX-based platforms, DOS, Windows, and macOS. What Is “Rails” Or “Ruby On Rails”? Rails is the popular name for Ruby on Rails. Ruby on Rails was founded in 2015 by David Heinemeier Hansson. Rails is a web application development framework written in the Ruby programming language. It is designed to make web application development easier by making assumptions about what each developer will need to get started. It allows for less code to be written while accomplishing more than many other programming languages and frameworks. Rails is an opinionated piece of software. It assumes that there are “best" ways to do things and is designed to encourage - and in some cases, discourage - alternatives. The Rails philosophy includes two major guiding principles: Don't Repeat Yourself : It is a software development principle that states that "every piece of knowledge within a system must have a single, unambiguous, authoritative representation." Because we don't write the same information over and over, our code is more maintainable, extensible, and bug-free. Convention Over Configuration : Rails has opinions about the best way to do many things in a web application, and it uses these conventions by default rather than requiring potential clients to specify minutes through endless configuration files. Ruby v. Ruby on Rails: Ruby is a general-purpose programming language, whereas Ruby on Rails is primarily designed for database-driven web applications. Writing feature-rich web apps in Ruby can be challenging. Meanwhile, it is much easier to create and maintain a web application in Ruby on Rails. Ruby makes use of the C programming language. The Ruby programming language is used in Ruby on Rails. Ruby can be used to create desktop applications. It is used in the development of web apps for Ruby on Rails. Ruby adheres to the user interface design principle, whereas Ruby on Rails adheres to the DRY and COC principles. When developing apps in Ruby, the most commonly used languages are C++, Java, and Vb.net. HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and XML are the most commonly used in Ruby on Rails. Why will Ruby on Rails become a popular choice among developers in the near future? Low Budget - The use of Ruby on Rails reduces development time and thus costs. It also enables rapid prototyping. The MVC structure and ready-made plugins allow users to quickly build web apps. Community - The Ruby on Rails framework community has made significant contributions to the development of the current technology ecosystem. Their significant contribution to expanding the framework's information has greatly aided the students. The developers are eager to fix the bugs and problems. Easy Testing - Ruby on Rails has some of its built-in testing frameworks, the framework makes testing easier for developers. Ruby on Rails Architecture The Model View Controller, or MVC, architectural pattern is used by Ruby on Rails. The Model manages the business logic, the View manages the display logic, and the Controller the application flow. It also adheres to the rule of convention over configuration, also known as coding by convention. This means that it has already made some decisions for programmers. This architecture is the basis for structuring our web applications. MVC Architecture: Model - The Model layer contains the application's business logic as well as the rules for manipulating data. Models in Ruby on Rails are used to manage interactions with their corresponding database elements. The Models represent the data in the database and perform the necessary validations. View- It keeps the view display logic. It represents the user interface. The view in RoR is the HTML files that contain Ruby code. The Ruby code enclosed in the HTML is very simple, with loops and conditionals. Controller - Models and views are interacted with by controllers. Incoming browser requests are processed by controllers, which then process the data from the models and pass it to the views for presentation. The Ruby on Rails framework is created to support database-driven web applications. It is developed in response to heavy web frameworks like J2EE and the.NET framework. Ruby on Rails uses conventions and assumptions that are considered best ways to accomplish tasks in order to speed up the development process, and it is designed to encourage them. It has a Representational State Transfer (REST) feature for web services and supports major databases such as MySQL (MySQL, Oracle, IBM, DB2 and more) Pitfalls of Ruby on Rails Architecture Runtime Speed and Performance : One of the most common criticisms levelled at Ruby on Rails is its ‘slow' runtime speed, which makes scaling Ruby on Rails applications difficult. While other top environments and frameworks (such as Node.js and Django) are slightly faster than Ruby on Rails. Lack of Flexibility : Ruby on rails is a strong framework with a slew of hard dependencies and modules. Developers should configure routing, database migrations, and other framework modules to get the project started. These default modules are useful if a developer wants to create a standard application, but they can backfire if the developer wants to create something unique. High Cost of Wrong Decisions in Development : In Rails, poor architectural decisions in the early stages of a project may cost more money than in any other framework. Because Rails prototyping is very quick, an engineering team that is unfamiliar with Rails may make unnoticed mistakes that will erode the performance of one's application in the future. Use Cases of Ruby on Rail Ruby on Rails is gaining popularity as a powerful platform for creating web and cloud applications. Ruby on Rails is currently used by at least 865,472 business websites, and the number is growing. Basecamp - Business users have the same collaborative needs as developers, therefore, Ruby on Rails based online business applications like Basecamp exist. Basecamp was founded by CTO David Heinemeier Hansson, the creator of Ruby on Rails, and as a result, some of the new features in Rails are derived from Basecamp. Basecamp simplifies project management by providing a simple online environment for collaborators to chat, share files, create checklists and workflows, and track project progress. Ruby on Rails features make it easy to delegate tasks, manage schedules, handle documents, organize team members, and so forth. Airbnb - Airbnb has become one of the most popular websites for travelers looking for a place to stay. Airbnb connects property owners with tourists and has over 65,000 listings in 191 countries. Because the site must be constantly updated with new listings and more sophisticated applications for search, transactions, and fraud detection, Airbnb runs on Ruby on Rails. Airbnb developers benefit from the agility and scalability provided by Ruby on Rails. Bloomberg - The world's most popular destination for financial and business news that is built on Ruby on Rails is Bloomberg. Bloomberg offers a massive amount of current information, including but not limited to video content, analytics, stock information, and searchable news. Its online news website is powered by open source. Twitter - Twitter is widely regarded as the most well-known example of a Ruby on Rails-based product. It was initially built with RoR and jQuery, allowing the platform's creators to create a fully functional product in a very short period. While Twitter has since evolved its tech stack to handle greater scalability needs, its transition highlights both the strengths and limitations of Ruby on Rails in supporting large-scale applications. Groupon - Groupon is an international e-commerce marketplace that connects customers with local businesses. Groupon is the largest player in the sector, with 50 million customers worldwide. In terms of technology, the original version of the platform was built entirely on Ruby on Rails . However, as Groupon grew in popularity, they switched to Node.JS. Shopify - Shopify is most likely one of the most successful Ruby on Rails- based tech companies in the world. They've been rapidly expanding within the framework. Shopify's Simon Eskildsen boasted about being able to handle 80,000 requests per second. Dribbble - An incredible directory of graphic design projects created by a community of over 500K web designers from all over the world. The platform was created using Ruby on Rails , but it also makes use of jQuery and HTML5 History API elements. Many more companies like Couchsurfing , Ask.fm, Etsy, Fab , SlideShare, Netflix, Hulu, Kickstarter, SoundCloud, UrbanDictionary, CrunchBase use Ruby on Rails and have proven to be extremely successful. Industry popularity of Ruby on Rails is quite high as 6.02% of Computer Electronics and IT industry software are developed on this. Ruby has a built-in protection against XSS, CSRF and SQL Injection attacks which makes it very secure and safe. It is well-liked all over the world for being a developer-friendly, simple syntax, and cost-effective language. Programmers are pleased to use the Ruby on Rails framework because it enables them to deliver high-quality software. The popularity is also reflected in social coding websites such as shoplift, Github, and others. The graph above depicts the growing popularity of the Ruby on Rails framework in various countries and fields which is enough to explain why the future of Ruby programming language is so promising. USA, Japan, United Kingdom and India are the top countries by usage of Ruby on Rails in their Websites. Future scope of Ruby on Rails Framework Many well-known companies continue to show their support for Ruby on Rails. Many remarkable companies, such as Airbnb, which has 150 million customers, and Shopify, which powers 600,000 businesses worldwide, remain steadfast in their decision to use this framework. After considering the benefits of the Ruby on Rails framework, we can confidently predict that Ruby on Rails development will have a bright future in the coming years. The way it reduces development time, the ease of maintenance and updating convenience it provides, the efficient testing mechanism, and large support system it possesses all work together to make it a great choice, and its popularity will undoubtedly rise in the coming decades. References: https://www.ideamotive.co/blog/best-ruby-on-rails-companies-websites https://guides.rubyonrails.org/getting_started.html https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Ruby https://railsware.com/blog/ruby-on-rails-guide/ https://medium.com/@SravanCynixit/overview-of-ruby-on-rails-architecture-9902de7c93f9 https://adrianmejia.com/ruby-on-rails-architectural-design/ https://blog.engineyard.com/these-5-examples-continue-to-prove-the-value-of-ruby-on-rails https://codeburst.io/ruby-on-rails-concepts-explained-with-real-world-use-cases-588dc85d8e96 https://flyoutsourcing.com/blog/ruby-vs.-ruby-on-rails-what-is-the-difference.html https://www.w3villa.com/blog/ruby-on-rails https://www.webcluesglobal.com/future-scope-of-ruby-on-rails-framework/ https://www.similartech.com/technologies/ruby-on-rails https://thecodest.co/blog/why-do-we-expect-a-high-demand-for-ruby-software-products/

Figure 1. Visual Representation of Touchable Holograms 1.Introduction: The Rise of Touchable Holograms   Imagine playing a video game where your character tosses a holographic ball and you feel the impact as it bounces back—or watching a sports match unfold mid-air on your coffee table, with every move feeling almost within reach. Touchable holograms, once a fantasy of science fiction, are now becoming a tangible part of interactive entertainment. These 3D projections are no longer just visual; they can respond to your touch, creating the sensation of physically engaging with light.   Powered by innovations in optics, sensors, and acoustic waves, touchable holograms offer a rich, sensory-driven experience that bridges the gap between virtual and real. Whether you're navigating a floating interface, playing immersive games, or exploring virtual showrooms, this technology delivers a new level of interactivity—without the need for headsets or physical contact.   As touchable holograms evolve, they’re poised to reshape how we play, learn, and connect, transforming light into something we don’t just see—but truly feel.   2.The Evolution of Holography   Holography traces its origins to 1947, when physicist Dennis Gabor proposed the concept while improving electron microscopy, a breakthrough that later earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971. At the time, the lack of coherent light limited practical use. That changed with the invention of the laser in 1960, enabling researchers like Emmett Leith and Juris Upatnieks in the U.S. and Yuri Denisyuk in the Soviet Union to create the first practical optical holograms—static 3D images recorded on photographic plates.   By the 1980s, holography had entered everyday life, from credit card security features to art and commercial packaging, thanks to embossed holograms. The 1990s and 2000s brought digital holography, which used modern sensors and computing to reconstruct images without film, while also sparking interest in holographic data storage and real-time 3D displays.   The 2010s marked a turning point as holography became more immersive and interactive. Performances like Tupac’s 2012 Coachella appearance brought attention to the entertainment potential of projection-based holography. Around the same time, companies like Microsoft developed AR and MR systems such as the HoloLens, blending holographic visuals with real-world environments.   In recent years, the field has progressed beyond visuals into tactile interactivity. Researchers in Japan and the UK introduced touchable holograms—holographic projections enhanced with ultrasound waves and sensors to simulate the feeling of touch. Systems like Aero-Plane and mid-air haptics allow users to interact with virtual objects suspended in air, opening new possibilities for remote communication, healthcare, virtual shopping, and education.   Today, holography is evolving into a multi-sensory interface, merging light, sound, and AI to create digital experiences that can be seen, felt, and interacted with—bringing science fiction closer to reality.   3.The Technical Blueprint of Touchable Holograms: How It Works   1.Holographic Image Generation   At the foundation is the creation of a 3D visual hologram, typically formed using one of the following methods: ·  Laser-based  interference patterns (traditional holography). ·  Digital holography , using spatial light modulators (SLMs) or digital micromirror devices (DMDs) to modulate light in real-time. · Volumetric displays or perspective-based projections  using transparent media or fog to enhance visibility from multiple angles. These systems shape light into a visible 3D form that appears to "float" in space, viewable without glasses or screens.   2.Mid-Air Haptic Feedback via Ultrasound   To simulate touch, these systems use ultrasonic transducers arranged in a 2D or 3D phased array. These transducers emit high-frequency sound waves (typically around 40 kHz, which is beyond human hearing) that can be precisely focused at specific points in mid-air using phased array beamforming techniques. The overlapping sound waves interfere constructively at a focal point, creating localized pressure variations. These variations generate tactile sensations that are strong enough to be felt by human skin, especially on the fingertips or palm. The system modulates the frequency, amplitude, and duty cycle of the waves to create different textures, clicks, or surface sensations. Advanced systems can control multiple focal points simultaneously and move them dynamically to simulate gestures like sliding, pressing, or dragging.   3.Real-Time Hand Tracking   Accurate interaction depends on precise hand tracking, typically achieved through: ·  Infrared depth cameras  (e.g., Leap Motion, Intel RealSense). ·  Time-of-flight (ToF) sensors . · LiDAR or stereo vision . These sensors continuously monitor hand position and orientation in 3D space with millimeter precision.   This spatial data is fed into the haptic control engine, which dynamically adjusts the ultrasonic focal points to align with the user’s fingers or palm—ensuring that the tactile effect coincides with the location of the holographic content.   Software and Control Logic   Behind the scenes, control algorithms and feedback loops synchronize the visual and tactile elements: · Rendering engines generate the holographic visuals based on user input and environment. · Haptic rendering engines calculate the force fields or textures needed at each interaction point. · AI/ML models may be integrated to predict motion trajectories or personalize the feedback based on user behavior. ·Latency is a key concern: for the experience to feel natural, visual-haptic synchronization must occur within 10–20 milliseconds.   5.Optional Add-ons and Enhancements   ·   Audio feedback can be used in conjunction to reinforce tactile illusions. ·   Electrostatic or air-vortex-based haptics are being explored as complementary methods. ·   Multi-user capability is possible through independent tracking and ultrasound zone management.   Figure 2. working process of Touchable Holograms 4.Applications of Touchable Holograms   1. Interactive Learning and Education   Use Case:  Touchable holograms can revolutionize education by allowing students to interact with 3D holographic models of complex concepts, from biology to engineering, making learning more engaging and hands-on. Example:  Virtual Anatomy Classes: In medical schools, students could use touchable holograms to interact with 3D models of human anatomy. Instead of just reading textbooks or looking at 2D diagrams, they can "touch" and manipulate a hologram of the heart, lungs, or bones, enhancing their understanding of human anatomy through physical interaction with 3D structures.   2. Product Design and Prototyping   Use Case:  Touchable holograms can be used by designers and engineers to visualize and interact with prototypes before they are physically made, allowing for rapid iteration and modification without the need for physical models. Example:  Holographic Prototyping in Automotive Design: Car manufacturers can use touchable holograms to design and test car parts or entire vehicles. Engineers can "touch" and adjust virtual models of car components, such as engines or body panels, in real-time, testing different configurations and seeing how they fit together before creating physical prototypes.   3. Virtual Shopping and Retail   Use Case:  Touchable holograms provide customers with a more immersive shopping experience by allowing them to interact with 3D models of products, such as clothing, furniture, or electronics, before making a purchase. Example: Holographic Fashion Showrooms: Imagine walking into a retail store and seeing a holographic display of clothes that you can touch and manipulate. Customers can virtually try on clothes or check how furniture would look in their home by interacting with holographic models, enhancing the online shopping experience and reducing the need for physical inventory.   4. Entertainment and Gaming   Use Case:  Touchable holograms can enhance gaming and entertainment by providing immersive, interactive environments where users can physically touch and manipulate virtual objects. Example: Virtual Reality Holographic Games: In a gaming setup, players could interact with holographic characters and environments, feeling the texture of virtual objects through tactile feedback systems. For instance, a game set in a fantasy world could allow players to physically touch and move 3D holograms of objects like swords or treasure chests, creating a more immersive experience than traditional VR.   5. Healthcare and Rehabilitation   Use Case:  Touchable holograms can be used in healthcare for physical therapy and rehabilitation by creating interactive exercises that patients can perform in conjunction with their physical treatments. Example: Holographic Rehabilitation Exercises: A physical therapist could use a touchable hologram to guide a patient through specific motions, such as reaching for an object or performing exercises in the air. This would allow patients to interact with a 3D representation of their rehabilitation exercises, making recovery both engaging and effective.   6. Advertising and Marketing   Use Case:  Touchable holograms can be used in advertising to create interactive and attention-grabbing displays that allow consumers to engage with a product before making a purchase. Example:  Holographic Billboards: Imagine walking by a billboard where a holographic model of a car or a fashion item pops up in front of you. By reaching out and touching the hologram, you can change colors, explore features, or view the product in 360 degrees, enhancing customer engagement in a unique and memorable way.   7. Smart Home and Interior Design   Use Case:  Touchable holograms could help users interact with their home environment in new ways, allowing them to manage smart devices or redesign their living spaces without physical interaction. Example: Holographic Home Decor: In a smart home, users could interact with touchable holograms to rearrange furniture, change the lighting, or control appliances by simply touching and manipulating virtual objects in their living room. This could make interior design and home management more intuitive and fun, eliminating the need for physical interaction with bulky controls or apps.   5.Patent Analysis   Touchable holograms are emerging as a transformative innovation, with 3268 patented inventions filed globally across multiple technological domains. These patents span areas such as computer technology, Audio-Visual technology, Control Furniture, Gaming, Medical technology, Optics, Tele-communications, haptic feedback, sensor technologies, and control systems. Each domain plays a critical role in enabling the creation of interactive, mid-air 3D visuals that users can see and feel without physical contact. Applications range from immersive education and medical training to retail experiences and next-generation user interfaces. The breadth of these patents highlights the rapidly expanding impact of touchable hologram technology across diverse industries and use cases. Figure 3. Technical Domains of Touchable Holograms Application Families vs. Year (2005-2025)   The data illustrates a consistent increase in patent filings for touchable hologram technology, with a notable jump starting in 2015. From the early years, the number of patents gradually grew, with a significant rise in 2015, aligning with advancements in holographic display technology, haptic feedback systems, and sensor integration. The years 2017 to 2023 saw the highest number of patent filings, peaking in 2023 with 420 patents, reflecting the increasing interest in applications for augmented reality, interactive displays, and immersive experiences. The decline in filings in 2024 and the projections for 2025 may suggest a shift in innovation focus or a consolidation phase, but overall, the trend demonstrates the ongoing evolution and expanding potential of touchable holograms across industries such as entertainment, healthcare, and consumer electronics. Figure 4. Application Families vs. Year (2005-2025) Application Families vs. Top 10 Assignees (Companies/Universities) Figure 5. Application Families vs. Top 10 Assignees The above graph illustrates the number of patent families attributed to each assignee, showcasing the leading players in the touchable hologram field. TEERTHANKER MAHAVEER UNIVERSITY leads with 53 patent families, reflecting its significant contribution to advancing holographic display technologies and interactive systems. Close behind is JAIN UNIVERSITY with 52 patents, indicating its active role in developing touchable hologram applications, particularly in the educational and consumer technology sectors. CHANDIGARH OF COLLEGES follows with 41 patents, highlighting the role of academic institutions in pushing the boundaries of holographic and haptic technologies. Other prominent assignees, such as GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY with 36 patents, TENCENT AMERICA with 35 patents, and LIGHT FIELD LAB with 34 patents, underscore the growing involvement of both academic and commercial players in the field. MICROSOFT TECHNOLOGY LICENSING with 34 patents demonstrates the corporate sector’s significant investment in the development of touchable hologram systems for applications such as augmented reality and mixed reality. The contributions of CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY with 33 patents and MARWADI UNIVERSITY with 30 patents further reflect the global expansion of research and innovation in this emerging technology. These leading assignees are at the forefront of revolutionizing how users interact with holographic content, with applications ranging from gaming and entertainment to healthcare and training.   Application Families vs. Country Figure 7. Application Families vs. Country The above graph highlights the number of patent families filed in various protection countries, showcasing the global distribution of touchable hologram technology. China (CN) leads with 1,014 patents, reflecting its significant role in the development and commercialization of holographic and interactive display technologies. India (IN) follows with 452 patents, indicating a growing interest and investment in this space, particularly from academic institutions and tech companies in the region. The United States (US) contributes 212 patents, demonstrating its active involvement in advancing touchable holograms, particularly in industries such as consumer electronics and entertainment. South Korea (KR) with 131 patents, and the European Patent Office (EP) with 68 patents, show the increasing efforts from both Asian and European markets in pushing the boundaries of holographic technologies. Japan (JP) with 61 patents reflects the country’s ongoing commitment to innovation in display and sensory technologies. Other countries such as Germany (DE), the United Kingdom (GB), Canada (CA), and international filings under the World Intellectual Property Organization (WO) contribute with 26, 24, 22, and 18 patents, respectively. This distribution underscores the worldwide interest and the diverse global landscape of touchable hologram innovation.   6.Future Directions and Enhancements   As touchable hologram technology continues to evolve, future developments are expected to focus on enhancing realism, responsiveness, and accessibility. Upcoming innovations aim to deliver more precise tactile feedback, higher-resolution projections, and seamless integration with gesture control and AI-based systems. This will allow users to engage in ultra-immersive gaming environments, interact with floating user interfaces, or experience dynamic educational simulations that respond intuitively to their touch. The convergence of holography with 5G connectivity, wearable sensors, and cloud processing could further expand real-time multiplayer experiences, remote collaboration, and hyper-personalized content. As these enhancements progress, touchable holograms are set to become a core element of next-generation digital interaction—blurring the lines between physical and virtual in ways that feel natural, engaging, and truly hands-on.   References: 1. https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/engineers-build-a-hologram-you-can-touch-heres-how-it-works-9940520/ 2. https://magazine.scienceconnected.org/2024/01/holograms-can-touch-feel/   3. https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a64423348/touchable-holograms/ 4. https://techxplore.com/news/2021-09-tactile-holograms-future-tech.html 5. https://holocenter.org/what-is-holography/hologram-history 6. https://www.vision3d.in/blog/holographic-technology/ 7. https://science.howstuffworks.com/hologram.htm