Copperpod IP's patent consultants analyze technology products to build claim charts using document review, product demonstrations and reverse engineering. CLAIM CHART What is a Claim Chart ? A claim chart is a visual representation of evidence showing how each claim limitation has been implemented by an infringing product or service. While formatting can vary, at a minimum a claim chart lists all relevant claim limitations in one column, and provides evidence (such as screenshots or text from product marketing material, developer documentation, FAQs, videos, network tests and/or photographs of the product or teardowns of the product) in another column against each of the claim limitations. Great claim charts, such as those made by Copperpod, also provide detailed analyst comments explaining how the evidence shows that the charted product or service implements the claim limitation, and annotations highlighting the most important portions of the cited evidence. Frequently Asked Questions Patent Infringement Claim Charts What is a Claim Chart? A patent infringement claim chart is a visual representation of evidence showing how each claim limitation has been implemented by an infringing product or service. It is an essential artifact during any patent licensing or enforcement campaign, as it articulates the infringement theory in an easy to understand and difficult to refute format. How much does a patent infringement claim chart cost? A typical patent infringement claim chart costs between USD 500-3000, depending upon number of claims, claim complexity and the technology. Depending on volume, we also price claim chart projects either on an hourly rate or on a fixed-price basis. Read more " When Claim Charts Do More Harm Than Good For Patent Litigation and Licensing " What is the turnaround time for a good patent infringement claim chart? A good patent infringement claim chart takes 5-8 hours. Copperpod IP prepares litigation ready claim charts to serve our clients at the speed of need. The chart provides detailed analyst comments explaining how the evidence shows that the charted product or service implements the claim limitation, and annotations highlighting the most important portions of the cited evidence. Contact us here . What types of evidence should be included in a patent infringement claim chart? Evidence for a claim chart can come from a variety of sources, such as product manuals, product videos, technical standards, network packet captures, product tear down and reverse engineering , product testing and demonstrations and even source code of the software running on the product. Can a patent infringement claim chart cover multiple products? Depending on the jurisdiction and particular case details, a single claim chart can cover multiple products, though these products would usually be substantially similar to each other. Read more about the target scouting process. Can expired patents be enforced? Yes, expired patents can be enforced. The condition is, if the infringement happened during the active period of the patent then you have the right to sue for damages accrued over that portion of the active period - provided also of course the damages have accrued within the time allowed by the statute of limitations. Do your patent infringement claim charts include reverse engineering evidence? Yes, wherever applicable, Copperpod's patent infringement claim charts include hard-to-find and harder-to-refute evidence. We use a variety of Reverse Engineering (RE) techniques such as SEM, TEM, EELS, EDX, and packet sniffing to furnish such evidence of use. Do your patent infringement claim charts include source code evidence? Yes, wherever applicable, Copperpod's patent infringement claim charts include source code review evidence. Copperpod's source code experts navigate through the source code using specialized tools and software and are well versed in all modern programming languages and platforms. Can you prepare a patent infringement claim chart for a discontinued product? Yes, discontinued products can be charted for patent infringement. But due to the statute of limitations, you may not be able to recover damages beyond a certain time (often, 5-10 years) before the complaint for patent infringement is filed with the relevant court. Amazon APEX: A New Cost-Effective Venue for Enforcing Patent Rights Patent Brokerage: A Comprehensive Guide Adapting Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) for Accurate Patent Valuation ITC: Understanding Section 337 of the United States Tariff Act and its Storied Evolution Patent Pools for Efficient Sharing of Technology Augmented Reality (AR) in Car Navigation

CLIENT SUCCESS SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY FIRM LICENSES REAL-TIME DEDUPLICATION PATENTS TO CLOUD COMPUTING COMPANIES Challenge An international software company was looking to monetize a patent related to storage medium preventing unauthorized reproduction or copying. The company engaged Copperpod to review the patent in detail, identify infringing products and monetize the portfolio for the products that potentially infringe the patents. The patent described an apparatus for writing checksum information on a data content on a storage medium. The apparatus comprises a provider for providing checksum information based on the data content and a writer for writing the data content. Further, the checksum information on the storage medium is such that a baseline reader and an enhanced reader can read the data content. The enhanced reader can read and process the checksum information and the baseline reader ignores, skips or does not read the checksum information. KEY INSIGHT Claim limitations such as "reader" and "provider", need not be hardware components, and may instead be implemented wholly in software. Solution After detailed study of the patent, our team identified deduplication process technologies used by cloud storage providers as potentially mapping on several claims of the patent. We shortlisted 10 storage solution companies that perform server-side deduplication and verified the infringement in each case, following which 10 descriptive infringement contentions mapping key evidence from target products against each claim were prepared for the client to pursue further monetization of the patent. Success Copperpod experts worked closely with the client's outside counsel providing ad-hoc technical analysis throughout the monetization campaign including refining positions after case filing and during settlement negotiations.

CLIENT SUCCESS DUE DILIGENCE: CALIFORNIA PE FIRM ACQUIRES CANADIAN CLOUD COMPUTING PROVIDER Challenge An established private equity firm in California which actively invests in information services supporting healthcare, bank ing, trust, securities, retirement and wealth management sectors was considering investing in a Toronto-based document processing and compliance provider focused on automotive and car deale rships across North America. Copperpod was engaged to perform due diligence to analyze the company’s technology and help the private equity firm make an informed decision. Our team of experts formulated a holistic due diligence strategy covering several key exercises. Solution Code Analysis Our source code consulta nts analyzed the complete source code within a short period of time. We provided in depth quantitative and qualitative analysis of the existing code. Some of the reviewing parameters considered by our experts were: • Size of code base • Comment Density and Ratios • Number and Ratio of Classes and Methods • Inactive to Active Code Ratio • Open Source vs. Proprietary Code Ratio • Quality Compliance Rates Per Developer • Process and system utilized by developer Copperpod experts evaluated the existing products of the company to provide a detailed report on some of the functional parameters like: • Ease of maintenance • Legal protection • Scalability • Security • Open source liabilities • Patentable subject matter IP Litigation Activity Our patent litigation consultants identified past and current litigations as well as significant court verdicts that affected or were likely to affect the products, technologies and the applicable market segments of the company. Code Quality Recommendations Copperpod experts found that a significant portion of the source code developed by the company’s external contractors lacked legal copyright and trade secret notices. We recommended certain tools to automatically set up a code template with pre-filled legal terms that would prevent any future litigation and business conflicts. Also, as an added measure, to help new developers identify who to contact for specific institutional knowledge and bug resolution our experts recommended that author(s), creation dates and a brief revision history be included as comments at the top of each source code file. Copperpod also found that given the sensitive and confidential nature of their data, the company should consolidate their code into a single active and regularly backed up repository as opposed to multiple fragmented repositories. This would ensure that each checkout of code as well as data is recorded and maintained in a single secure location. Our experts also highlighted a low comment-to-code ratio in certain product source code which places high dependency on the original author and requires a longer learning curve for new developers. KEY INSIGHT Appropriately commented and organized source code reduces costs of debugging and scaling the product as the company grows in team size, markets and overlapping products KEY INSIGHT Applying appropriate copyright, trade secret and authorship notices on each source code can reduce legal costs of enforcement and help establish date of reduction to practice if the technology is ever stolen. Success The reports and recommendations submitted by Copperpod on the source code and functional components of the company’s products enabled the client to make an informed decision on investing into the company and the company itself to strength their source code and data storage for the future. The multi-million dollar investment path taken by our client has led to aggressive expansion of the firm and its sales across US.

When we talk about work culture, we often think about grand events and policies. While these elements have their place, true culture grows quietly, in the everyday interactions that shape how people feel at work. It’s in the simple gestures: a warm “Good morning” , pausing to ask “How is your day going?” , or a quick note of appreciation after someone completes a challenging task. These little acts may seem small, but their impact is enormous. They cost nothing, yet they build trust, create belonging, and foster human connection. Over time, these everyday choices shape a workplace where people feel respected, valued, and supported. At Copperpod IP, we believe a strong culture is not about ticking boxes for fun activities. It’s about creating an environment where people are treated with respect, questions can be asked without fear, mistakes are seen as opportunities to learn, and leadership listens and responds with empathy. True leadership shines in the moments of humanity. When someone can’t come to work because of health or family reasons, the last thing they should feel is guilt. A great leader says “ Take care, we’ve got you covered.”  That’s the kind of reassurance that strengthens trust and loyalty.             Because here’s the truth, employees don’t ask for luxury. They ask for respect, trust and growth. Someone who leaves for a higher salary may one day return for the culture. But someone who leaves because of a toxic environment will never come back even if you offer double the money. Too often, organizations assume retention comes from fancy offices, perks, or frequent pay hikes. But in reality, a respectful culture beats a stylish workspace, a trusted team beats a bigger pay check and a growth mindset beats a long list of perks. As many have said “ People don't leave jobs, they leave toxic work cultures.” And that’s why building culture is not a one-time project. Leadership sets the tone, HR implements the framework, but maintaining culture is everyone’s responsibility. Each “ good morning ,” each gesture of support, each moment of empathy contributes to the larger picture. At Copperpod IP, we don’t just design culture, we live it, in the small, everyday moments that make our workplace human.

Hair is one of the primary things one notices in a person at the first glance. In contrast to other animals, the purpose of human hair is up for debate. However, hair may be a fantastic aesthetic tool and form of nonverbal communication. One of the most distinctive characteristics of people is their hair colour, which can range from red to black, brown, and blonde. Melanin, a pigment made by neural crest-derived melanocytes, is what gives human hair its colour. The two forms of melanin found in human hair follicles are eumelanin and pheomelanin. The amount and ratio of reddish-brown pheomelanin and black-brown eumelanin account for the majority of the variation in hair colour.    Hair colour and style have a big impact on how someone looks physically, which has a significant impact on how they feel about their bodies. One of the problems with the modern lifestyle is premature greying.  Premature greying of the hair (PGH)  can negatively impact a person's self-esteem because it is considered a symptom of ageing. Some people begin to age prematurely, even in their teens. Genes typically have a role in determining when greying starts, so if a person's mother or father started greying young, they might as well. Even when you are in your 20s, those dreaded silver and white streaks begin to appear.   But what is the source behind the original black colour of hair? Where does the black colour come from?  A follicle, which is a tube- or tunnel-shaped structure in a person's scalp, is the source of every hair strand on their head. Melanocytes, pigment cells found in each follicle, produce melanin, the pigment responsible for the hair's colour. The pigment cells gradually deteriorate as people age, resulting in each hair strand having less melanin and becoming more transparent. Grey hair is transparent but depending on how they contrast with the rest of the hair and how the light hits them, it might appear white, grey, or silver.     The mechanism behind greying of hair   Scientists have invested a lot of time and energy into figuring out what causes grey hair, and they think they have finally found the answer. The pigment melanin, which is created by melanocyte cells in the hair follicles, gives hair its colour. According to research, melanocytes sustain cumulative damage over time, which finally prevents them from producing melanin. Studies have suggested that this disturbance in melanin production may be caused by DNA damage and a buildup of hydrogen peroxide in the follicles. The new hair that grows in lacks pigment without melanin, making it seem grey, white, or silver. Normal ageing also results in hair greying, also known as canities or achromotrichia. However, it develops at different ages in various races. However, the precise etiopathogenesis of greying of hair still needs to be fully discovered. PGH is a primary autosomal dominant condition that can exist. Greying can also be a symptom of diseases that cause rapid ageing, like progeria and pangeria. It has also been linked to autoimmune disorders and atopic dermatitis. In greying hair follicles, experiments have revealed melanocyte death and oxidative damage. In the hair follicle, melanogenesis is active during the anagen phase, which is the active growth phase. Tyrosine is hydroxylated in this process, and dihydroxyphenylalanine is oxidized to melanin, resulting in a significant oxidative stress buildup. Exogenous oxidative stress also causes hair follicles to grey more quickly. Lack of antioxidant protection could harm melanocytes, resulting in less pigmentation.   Causes of Grey Hair The reason for greying has yet to be fully discovered. It is a complicated multifactorial process that is primarily thought to include the interaction of dietary, genetic, and environmental factors. Premature hair ageing is frequently linked to nutritional inadequacies such as severe iron shortage, severe vitamin B12 deficiency, chronic protein loss, and copper deficiency. Low serum ferritin levels and low serum calcium and vitamin D3 levels have also been implicated. It is also believed that premature greying may be caused by the exhaustion of the melanocyte's capacity to create hair pigmentation.  Some of the causes of premature hair greying are listed down. • UV radiation, pollution, mental problems, or inflammatory reasons can potentially induce oxidative stress.  • A lack of vitamin B12 may result in PGH through an unidentified mechanism.  • Approximately 55% of pernicious anaemia patients had greying before the age of 50, compared to 30% in the control group.  •  Reduced thyroid hormones result in alopecia, premature greying, and morphological abnormalities in the hair.  •  The sympathetic nervous system is overactive under stress, which causes an increase in noradrenaline release in hair follicles. The melanocyte stem cells needed to make melanin, the pigment responsible for hair colour, are depleted as a result of this excessive production. • Another factor that is thought to contribute to premature hair ageing is smoking. Smoking causes a significant rise in reactive oxygen species, which increases oxidative stress and damages the melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin. • Specific chemotherapy medications and antimalarials can bring on PGH. These medications are believed to suppress melanogenesis by inhibiting the receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit present in melanocytes. Chloroquine decreases pheomelanin synthesis by an unknown amount. • Hormonal changes brought on by a thyroid disorder may be one of the causes of early hair ageing. The thyroid gland affects not only your metabolism but also the colour of your hair since it lowers the body's production of melanin. • Vitiligo causes melanocytes to be lost or destroyed — perhaps because the immune system "misfires" and attacks the scalp rather than an infection.  Solutions for premature greying of hair The cause of PGH should be the focus of treatment. Even though many people seek outpatient dermatological care for PGH, relatively few available solutions are effective. Some of the most effective remedies for premature greying of the hair are: • Replacement of vitamins and hormones can restore vitamin B12 deficiency and hypothyroidism, respectively. • For those whose scalp hair is just 10% impacted, plucking is a simple solution for reducing grey hair. • The majority of people rely on hair colourants to restore their hair's colour. There are various organic hair colourants that are available which can conceal great hair effectively. • Recent innovative solutions include the inclusion of antioxidants like Vitamins C and E in shampoos. Due to the little contact period, their effectiveness has been called into question. Phytoestrogens, copper, selenium, phytoestrogens, and melatonin are being researched as promising topically applied anti-aging substances. Recombinant human growth hormone has enhanced hair growth, thickness, and even hair colour.  • In a recent study, it has been demonstrated that a novel class of chemicals (SkQs) containing the antioxidant plastoquinone SkQs can prevent age-related changes such as canities, balding, retinopathy, cataracts, etc. As a result, SkQs appear to have the potential for the treatment of senescence and illnesses associated with ageing.  • Also, diet is crucial for preserving the health of your hair. Green leafy vegetables, green tea, berries, carrots, curry leaves, spinach, beans, walnuts, and sunflower seeds are a few foods that are high in antioxidants and help preserve the health of your hair. • Meditating for a certain amount of time helps relax your mind and ease out the stress built in the body.   Conclusion There may be a family propensity for premature greying of hair because it has been seen more frequently in some families. However, everyone's hair ultimately begins to turn white, and each person must choose whether they are content with white hair or if they would rather try to slow down or reverse the natural ageing process of their hair. Nowadays, many people are embracing their natural being. Salt and pepper hair can look incredible. It is nature's gift, and with some know-how, you can make it shine, giving you a fabulous look! Reference   https://bebodywise.com/blog/redensyl-for-hair/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6290285/   https://ijdvl.com/premature-graying-of-hair/   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4830165/   https://www.longdom.org/proceedings/premature-greying-of-hair-and-role-of-oiling-in-indian-perspective-9475.html

In the 21st century, the race for power isn’t just about armies, oil, or trade. It’s about ideas  and the patents that protect them. On that battlefield, China has pulled off one of the boldest transformations of our time. In the 1990s, China was still branded as the “world’s factory,” famous for making other people’s products cheaply. Today, it files nearly half of the world’s patents and is home to corporate giants like Huawei, BYD, CATL, Alibaba, and Tencent. But here’s the twist: this was not a rise built only on earth-shattering inventions. Much of it started with junk patents. Yes, junk. And that junk was exactly what China needed.   The Subsidy Revolution: Filing First, Innovating Later Around the mid-2000s, China launched an experiment that would change global innovation forever. It rolled out patent subsidies at every level—national, provincial, even municipal. File a patent, get a cash reward. Secure a full invention patent, get even more. File internationally under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), and the payouts multiplied. Filing fees were slashed, tax breaks dangled. It was like turning patents into lottery tickets—cheap to buy, potentially rewarding, and available to everyone. Students, small businesses, hobby inventors, universities, and giant corporates all jumped into the game. The idea was simple: reward anyone willing to file, and the culture of innovation would follow. The result was explosive: 2011:  ~526,000 invention patent applications. 2020:  1.5 million. 2023:  1.68 million— 46% of the world’s filings. WIPO data shows invention patent applications jumping from 526,000 in 2011 to over 1.5 million in 2020, and 1.68 million in 2023, accounting for 46% of global filings. Image Source: https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/world-intellectual-property-indicators-2024-highlights/assets/69723/941EN_WIPI_2024_WEB2.pdf , at Page 13.   Image Source: https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/world-intellectual-property-indicators-2024-highlights/assets/69723/941EN_WIPI_2024_WEB2.pdf , at Page 14.     Image Source: https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/world-intellectual-property-indicators-2024-highlights/assets/69723/941EN_WIPI_2024_WEB2.pdf , at Page 14. On paper, China became the world’s top patent filer. In practice, many of those patents were never used, never licensed, never commercialized. Critics mocked them as junk patents.   The Quality Question — How Many Patents Really Matter? Filing a patent is one thing. Turning that patent into something useful is another. In theory, the patent system is built to reward only ideas that are new , inventive , and industrially applicable . In practice, though, the bar isn’t always as high as it sounds. In countries where filing is cheap and incentives are strong, you often see patents granted for things that are technically new but not groundbreaking. Some patents are filed mainly to stake a claim in a market space or to block others, rather than to develop the idea. In the United States, for example, the “continuation” process lets applicants keep filing slightly modified versions of the same invention. That can be a smart strategy, but it also means portfolios grow without necessarily adding much real innovation. Even in places with tougher rules, like the European Patent Office, speculative patents still get through, especially in fast-moving fields like AI, quantum tech, and biotech, where the technology may not be fully proven yet. The same happens in Japan and South Korea, where filing support is generous and patents are seen as valuable R&D assets, whether or not they’re ever used. Researchers who study this issue estimate that only about 5–10% of all patents worldwide end up becoming commercially important. Many are never licensed, never built into a product, and never generate revenue. That’s why some experts warn that piling up low-value patents can actually slow innovation: it clutters the system, makes it harder for real inventors to find a clear path forward, and increases the risk of costly legal fights. But here’s the thing, junk has value.   Why Junk Patents Matter: Culture and Breadcrumbs Think of junk patents as the training wheels  of innovation. Training wheels don’t win you bike races but without them, millions would never learn to ride in the first place. 1. Building a Patent Culture Before subsidies, patents were something only large corporations cared about. After subsidies, filing became second nature like brushing your teeth or checking your phone. Everyone filed: engineers, professors, students, even tiny startups. This created a patent culture: a mindset that ideas aren’t just for the lab, they’re assets, weapons, bargaining chips. Just like fitness apps gamify exercise with points and badges, subsidies gamified innovation. Filing became a habit, and habits build ecosystems. 2. Leaving R&D Breadcrumbs Even unused patents leave something behind: knowledge. Every patent must be published with technical details. These act like breadcrumbs on the innovation trail. Imagine a dense forest where inventors are searching for new paths. Every patent, even a dead-end one, leaves a marker: “Don’t go here, already tried.”  Later explorers can follow these markers, avoid wasted effort, or even rediscover abandoned paths with better tools. History proves this works. In aviation, countless “failed” designs from the 1900s are preserved in patent archives. Decades later, engineers revisited some of those concepts with new materials and computing power, making them viable. Today’s drones owe much to yesterday’s forgotten sketches. China’s junk patents served the same role: thousands of breadcrumbs scattered across sectors, waiting to be picked up when technology or markets caught up. 3. Strengthening Corporate Muscles Managing patents is like going to the gym. Filing, defending, licensing all of it strengthens corporate IP muscles. Subsidies forced Chinese firms to bulk up fast. Huawei learned to dominate telecom standards by filing aggressively. BYD and CATL became EV battery kings with mountains of filings in chemistry and architecture. Alibaba and Tencent turned software, fintech, and gaming ideas into global portfolios. The junk era was their bootcamp. Today, these companies wield patents not just for protection but as bargaining chips in cross-licensing, weapons in litigation, and leverage in trade negotiations.   The Pivot: From Quantity to Quality Of course, training wheels must eventually come off. By 2020, the downsides of the numbers game were obvious. Many filings went unpaid after subsidies were claimed. Some provinces saw entire spikes of patents that were abandoned within a year. In 2021, the China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) announced it would phase out all  patent subsidies by 2025. The new goal: “high-value patents.” That means patents tied to real commercialization, real industrial use, and real impact. This wasn’t a retreat. It was a pivot from sheer volume to targeted strength.   Corporate Champions: Proof of the Model The transition is already visible in China’s corporate giants: Huawei : 110,000+ active patents, global leader in 5G SEPs, spending 15%+ of revenue on R&D. CATL : 31,000+ patents in EV batteries, supplying Tesla, BMW, VW. BYD : Expanding rapidly in EV tech and energy storage. Alibaba & Tencent : Thousands of patents across AI, fintech, logistics, and blockchain. These are not “junk” anymore. They are weapons, assets, and the backbone of China’s global innovation push.   Conclusion: From Junk to Genius China’s innovation journey shows that sometimes, quantity is the path to quality. Subsidies turned filing into a national habit, junk patents seeded an ecosystem, and the sheer bulk built corporate IP champions. Now, with subsidies ending and commercialization rising, the mountain of paper is becoming a true power. The lesson? Innovation leadership is not about waiting for perfect ideas to appear. It’s about creating a system where everyone files, everyone plays,  and then refining the mass into gems. Just as compost turns waste into fertile soil, China’s so-called junk patents have enriched its innovation landscape. And today, the harvest is global supremacy in intellectual property.   References: 1.     https://www.britannica.com/event/Cultural-Revolution 2.     https://www.britannica.com/place/China/Economic-policy-changes 3.     https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/world-intellectual-property-indicators-2024-highlights/en/patents-highlights.html 4.     https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2024/article_0015.html 5.     https://www.cigionline.org/articles/what-do-chinas-high-patent-numbers-really-mean/ 6.     https://www.slwip.com/resources/chinas-national-intellectual-property-administration-releases-typical-cases-of-abnormal-patent-applications/ 7.     https://elpais.com/economia/2024-11-07/asia-lidera-el-mundo-de-la-innovacion-con-el-687-de-las-patentes-solicitadas-en-2023.html 8.     https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/china-leading-generative-ai-patents-race-un-report-says-2024-07-03/ 9.     https://www.wsj.com/world/china/beijings-made-in-china-plan-is-narrowing-tech-gap-study-finds-24ecbd34 10.  https://www.reuters.com/world/us-government-funding-yielded-hundreds-patents-china-based-researchers-2024-08-29/ 11.  https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2142823 12.  https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/23/13459 13.  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S026156062400216X 14.  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S026156062400216X 15.  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162521003000 16.  https://www.iptechblog.com/2021/02/new-procedures-indicate-chinas-patent-system-is-now-focused-on-quality-not-quantity-of-patents/ 17.  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/management-and-organization-review/article/recent-development-of-the-intellectual-property-rights-system-in-china-and-challenges-ahead/B4D5848771D2D89A2A8A0620E75B2763 18.  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/subpatent-innovation-rights/chinas-utility-model-patent-legal-system/C4774A03E995F8571BA226C4D4272903 19.  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S026156062400216X 20.  https://www.chiplawgroup.com/what-is-likely-to-drive-chinese-patent-filings-in-the-coming-years