Introduction - WebAR Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that overlays digital content onto the real world, creating interactive and immersive experiences for users. Until recently, AR applications have required the use of dedicated apps, which can be a barrier to entry for users who are not willing to download and install new software. However, with the emergence of WebAR, users can now access AR experiences directly through a web browser, without the need for a dedicated app. WebAR is changing the game by making AR more accessible and easier to use and has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with the world around us. In this article, we will explore the world of WebAR, including its history, applications, architecture, challenges, and future outlook. One of the major advantages of WebAR is its accessibility. Since WebAR experiences can be accessed directly through a web browser, users do not need to download and install a separate app to use them. This makes it simpler for businesses and organizations to reach their target audience with AR experiences, as users are more likely to engage with content that is easily accessible and requires minimal effort. WebAR also offers a level of flexibility and scalability that is not possible with dedicated AR apps. With WebAR, developers can create AR experiences that are compatible with a wide range of devices and platforms, including smartphones, tablets, and desktop computers. This means that businesses and organizations can reach a wider audience with their AR content, without having to develop multiple versions of the same app for different devices. Another advantage of WebAR is its ability to deliver rich, interactive content without compromising on performance. Since WebAR experiences rely on web technologies and APIs, they can be optimized to deliver high-quality graphics and animations without requiring the user to install additional software or hardware. Architecture - WebAR Web Technologies The foundation of WebAR is built upon web technologies such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. These technologies enable developers to create interactive and dynamic web pages that can be accessed through a web browser. WebGL is a key web technology used in WebAR that enables developers to create 3D graphics in a web browser. This technology is used to render 3D models and animations that are overlaid in the user's real-world environment. WebRTC is another web technology used in WebAR that enables real-time communication between devices. This technology is used to enable features such as multiplayer AR experiences, where users can interact with each other in a shared virtual space. AR APIs In addition to web technologies, WebAR also utilizes a range of AR APIs that enable developers to create AR experiences that can be accessed through a web browser. WebXR is a web-based API that enables developers to create immersive VR and AR experiences in a web browser. This API provides access to sensors such as the device's camera and accelerometer, which are used to track the user's position and movements in real-time. ARKit and ARCore are AR frameworks developed by Apple and Google, respectively, that are also used in WebAR. These frameworks provide access to advanced features such as surface detection and lighting estimation, which enable developers to create more realistic and immersive AR experiences. Server-Side Processing WebAR experiences often require significant processing power and memory, which can be a challenge for mobile devices with limited resources. To overcome this challenge, WebAR experiences often rely on server-side processing. Server-side processing involves offloading some of the computational load to a remote server, which can perform more complex calculations and deliver high-quality AR experiences to the user's device. This approach enables WebAR experiences to be delivered to a wider range of devices, including those with limited processing power and memory. User Interface and Experience The user interface and experience are crucial components of WebAR architecture, as they determine how users interact with and experience the AR content. The user interface for WebAR experiences often consists of a combination of interactive 3D models, animations, and buttons that enable users to interact with the AR content. The user experience is designed to be intuitive and easy to use, with clear instructions and feedback provided to guide the user through the experience. Image Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331205524_Web_AR_A_Promising_Future_for_Mobile_Augmented_Reality_-_State_of_the_Art_Challenges_and_Insights AR Algorithms used in WebAR There are different types of WebAR, depending on the specific technology and approach used. Here are some of the most common types of WebAR: Marker-Based WebAR: Marker-based WebAR uses image recognition technology to trigger AR experiences when a specific image, such as a QR code or logo, is detected by the device's camera. This type of WebAR is widely used in advertising and marketing campaigns to provide interactive experiences to customers. Markerless WebAR: Markerless WebAR uses computer vision and object recognition technology to detect real-world objects and surfaces, allowing for more dynamic and immersive AR experiences. This type of WebAR is commonly used in gaming and educational applications. Location-Based WebAR: Location-based WebAR uses GPS technology to provide AR experiences that are tied to specific geographic locations. For example, a tourism company can create an AR experience that provides additional information and context about historical sites or natural landmarks when visitors are in the vicinity. Projection-Based WebAR: Projection-based WebAR uses projectors to display AR content on real-world surfaces, such as walls or floors. This type of WebAR is commonly used in entertainment and advertising applications. Surface-Based WebAR: Surface-based WebAR uses surface tracking technology to track and map real-world surfaces, allowing for more precise and realistic AR experiences. This type of WebAR enjoys extensive usage in industrial and manufacturing applications. Face-Based WebAR: Face-based WebAR uses facial recognition technology to track and map the user's face, allowing for AR experiences that can modify or enhance the user's appearance. This type of WebAR is common in the beauty and fashion industries. Interactive Print WebAR: Interactive print WebAR uses image recognition technology to trigger AR experiences when users scan printed materials such as brochures, magazines, or product packaging. This type of WebAR is commonplace in advertising and marketing campaigns to provide interactive product demonstrations or additional information about products or services. 360-Degree WebAR: 360-degree WebAR uses panoramic images or videos to create immersive AR experiences that allow users to explore virtual environments. This type of WebAR is popularly used in tourism and entertainment applications. Gesture-Based WebAR: Gesture-based WebAR uses computer vision technology to recognize hand and body movements, allowing users to interact with AR experiences through gestures and movements. This type of WebAR can be frequently observed in gaming and education applications. Working Principle of WebAR The working principle of WebAR involves using a combination of technologies to create augmented reality experiences that can be accessed through a web browser. Recognition: The first step in creating a WebAR experience is to identify a trigger, such as an image or object, that will be used to initiate the AR experience. This trigger is usually identified using image recognition technology or a specific marker that is recognized by the AR software. Rendering: Once the trigger is identified, the AR software generates a digital overlay that is superimposed on the real-world environment. This overlay is created using 3D modeling or other rendering techniques to create a virtual object or scene that appears to be part of the real-world environment. Tracking: To ensure that the virtual object or scene stays properly aligned with the real-world environment, the AR software uses tracking technology to monitor the position and movement of the device and the trigger. This tracking is usually done using sensors such as the device's camera or GPS. Interaction: Once the virtual object or scene is properly aligned with the real-world environment, users can interact with it using a variety of input methods, such as touch or gesture controls. These interactions are then translated by the AR software into actions that affect the virtual object or scene. Display: Finally, the AR experience is displayed to the user on the device's screen, creating a seamless and immersive augmented reality experience. Applications of WebAR: WebAR has a wide range of applications across various industries, from entertainment to education to e-commerce. Here are some examples of how WebAR is being used in different fields: Entertainment: WebAR is being used to create immersive and interactive experiences for entertainment purposes. For example, music artists can create AR experiences to promote their albums, allowing fans to interact with 3D models and animations of the artists or their album covers. Additionally, amusement parks and museums can use WebAR to create interactive exhibits and attractions. Education: WebAR is being used to enhance learning experiences by making educational content more interactive and engaging. For example. teachers can use WebAR to create virtual models of historical sites or scientific concepts, allowing students to explore and interact with them in a more immersive way. WebAR can also be used to create language learning tools that use AR to help students practice and improve their language skills. Retail: WebAR is being used in the retail industry to create interactive product demos and virtual try-on experiences. For example, furniture retailers can create AR experiences that allow customers to place virtual furniture in their homes to see how it will look before making a purchase. Similarly, beauty brands can create virtual try-on experiences that allow customers to see how different makeup products will look on their faces. Marketing: WebAR is being used by marketers to create engaging and interactive campaigns. For example, brands can create AR experiences that allow customers to interact with their products in new and exciting ways, or create AR scavenger hunts to drive engagement and brand awareness. Healthcare: WebAR is being used in the healthcare industry to create virtual training simulations and patient education tools. AR can help medical students practice surgical procedures in a simulated environment or help healthcare providers to educate patients on medical procedures or conditions. Gaming: WebAR can be used to create immersive and interactive gaming experiences that can be accessed through a web browser. This includes both casual games and more complex gaming experiences that use AR to create a more immersive and interactive gaming experience. Social Media: WebAR is being used in social media platforms to create interactive AR filters and effects. For example, Snapchat and Instagram have integrated WebAR functionality into their platforms, allowing users to create and share AR experiences with their followers. Real Estate: WebAR is being used in the real estate industry to create virtual property tours and 3D models of homes and apartments. This allows potential buyers to view properties from anywhere in the world, without having to physically visit the property. Training and Simulation: WebAR can be used to create virtual training simulations for various industries, including aviation, military, and manufacturing. This allows employees to practice complex procedures and scenarios in a safe and controlled environment. Challenges and the Future Scope of WebAR: While WebAR has the potential to revolutionize various industries and provide immersive and interactive experiences to users, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed. Here are some of the challenges of WebAR and the future outlook for the technology: Device Compatibility: One of the main challenges of WebAR is device compatibility. Not all devices are capable of supporting AR experiences, and there are still some compatibility issues that need to be addressed. However, as technology advances and more devices become capable of supporting AR experiences, this challenge is expected to be addressed. Connectivity: Another challenge of WebAR is connectivity. AR experiences require a strong and stable internet connection, which can be a challenge in areas with poor connectivity. However, as 5G networks become more widespread, this challenge is expected to be addressed, allowing for more seamless and immersive AR experiences. User Experience: User experience is also an important consideration for WebAR. AR experiences can be complex and difficult to navigate, which can lead to frustration for users. However, as developers continue to create more intuitive and user-friendly AR experiences, this challenge is expected to be addressed. Privacy and Security: Another challenge of WebAR is privacy and security. AR experiences can collect a significant amount of data about users, including their location and personal information. As a result, it is important for developers to ensure that their AR experiences are secure and that user privacy is protected. Despite these challenges, the future outlook for WebAR is promising. Many experts predict that it will become a major force in the world of augmented reality. Here are some of the key trends and developments that are likely to shape the future of WebAR: Improved Technology: As technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see significant improvements in the capabilities of WebAR. This includes advancements in areas such as computer vision, rendering, and tracking, which will enable more sophisticated and realistic AR experiences. Greater Adoption: As more businesses and organizations realize the potential of WebAR, we can expect to see a significant increase in adoption rates. This will be driven by factors such as the growing popularity of mobile devices, the increasing availability of high-speed internet connections, and the growing demand for immersive and engaging content. New Applications: With the growing popularity of WebAR, we can expect to see new and innovative applications emerge in a wide range of industries. This includes areas such as marketing and advertising, education and training, healthcare, and entertainment. References 1. X. Qiao, P. Ren, S. Dustdar, L. Liu, H. Ma and J. Chen, "Web AR: A Promising Future for Mobile Augmented Reality—State of the Art, Challenges, and Insights," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 107, no. 4, pp. 651-666, April 2019, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2019.2895105. 2. Nikolaidis A. What Is Significant in Modern Augmented Reality: A Systematic Analysis of Existing Reviews. J Imaging. 2022 May 21;8(5):145. doi: 10.3390/jimaging8050145. PMID: 35621909; PMCID: PMC9144923. 3. https://baoyisoh2011.wixsite.com/augmented-reality/slideshow_1 4. Mobile Augmented Reality (AR) Marker-based for Indoor Library Navigation - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Augmented-Reality-Application-Flowchart_fig1_340083682 [accessed 18 Apr, 2023] Qiao, X., Ren, P., Dustdar, S., Liu, L., Ma, H. and Chen, J., 2019. Web AR: A promising future for mobile augmented reality—State of the art, challenges, and insights. Proceedings of the IEEE, 107(4), pp.651-666.

What is a Robocall? A robocall is a phone call made by an automated computer program, commonly referred to as a "robot" or "bot." These calls are typically pre-recorded messages that are delivered to a large number of recipients simultaneously, often for various purposes, such as political campaigns, telemarketing, debt collection, or scams. Robocalls are frequently used for legitimate purposes, such as automated appointment reminders from healthcare providers or informational messages from government agencies. However, they are also commonly associated with unwanted and intrusive calls, such as telemarketing pitches, fake IRS or Social Security scams, and other fraudulent activities. Over the past few years, robocalls have rapidly overwhelmed the telephone world. According to a study analyzing over 50 million calls, the number of robocalls is dramatically increasing, from 3.7% of total calls in 2017 to 29.2% in 2018. And it’s projected to reach 44.6% by 2019. This article discusses the current solutions available to consumers that are provided by telephone service providers to prevent robocalls. It also includes the newly adopted SHAKEN/STIR standard for caller ID identification by service providers. SHAKEN/STIR standard refers to the criteria of using public key infrastructure to authenticate the calls between the originating and terminating service providers. On July 24, the House of Representatives approved an anti-robocalling bill, dialing up the heat that Congress has been pressing on telecoms and the Federal Communications Commission due to the onslaught of harmful calls. As a result, the US Federal Telecommunications Committee which has been pushing for SHAKEN/STIR's adoption has imposed the end of 2019 as a hard deadline for networks implementing the protocol. Though research and development teams at AT&T and Comcast have claimed to have completed the first SHAKEN/STIR call made between two different networks, the U.S. has already been hit with 33 billion robocalls this year. Robocalls are irrelevant or inappropriate messages sent over the phone to a large number of recipients – typically to those who have not expressed interest in receiving the message. Caller forces the users to pick the calls using Caller ID spoofing. Spoofing is when a caller deliberately falsifies the information transmitted to a user’s caller ID display to disguise their identity. Scammers often use neighbor spoofing so it appears that an incoming call is coming from a local number, or spoof a number from a company or a government agency that users may already know and trust. Not only are spam calls annoying, they are very dangerous. Without a solution to effectively stop the flood of unwanted spam calls received on their smartphone, users are vulnerable to phone scams and the crooks responsible for them. Present Solutions to Combat Robocalls The major wireless companies all provide free and paid services that can alert customers to suspected robocalls or block them. AT&T’s Call Protect app provides fraud warnings, and spam call screening and blocking. Call Protect is free for iOS and Android. AT&T also offers Call Protect Plus for $3.99 a month which offers enhanced caller ID services and reverse number lookups. Sprint also lets customers block or restrict calls through its Premium Caller ID service. It costs $2.99 per month and can be added to a Sprint account. On the other hand, T-Mobile already lets customers know when an incoming call is fishy by displaying “scam likely” as the caller ID. Users can also ask T-Mobile to block those calls before the phone even rings using Scam Block. Customers can get it for free by dialing #662# from their device. Verizon‘s Call Filter is an app that works on both iOS and Android. The free version detects and filters spam calls, while it's $2.99 a month version gives users a few additional features like its proprietary “risk meter” to help them know more about the caller. Third-party apps are also widely available and often free. They’re the best tools available right now. These apps include Hiya, YouMail, Robokiller, TrueCaller and Nomorobo. There isn’t a lot one can do for traditional landline phones, except block individual phone numbers. SHAKEN/STIR - Called ID Authentication Caller ID authentication is a new system aimed at combating illegal caller ID spoofing and spam calls. Industry stakeholders are working to implement caller ID authentication, which is called SHAKEN/STIR. SHAKEN/STIR, Signature-based Handling of Asserted Information Using Tokens (SHAKEN) and the Secure Telephone Identity Revisited (STIR) standards, is a framework of interconnected standards. An originating service provider puts the call on the network and authenticates the caller ID information using STIR/SHAKEN. Service providers know their customers, so they’re well-positioned to do that. They secure their authentication by signing the call using public key infrastructure, which is also widely used with the internet. A terminating service provider delivers the call to their customer and also verifies the caller ID information in the call using the public key infrastructure to confirm the information and signature still match. The following call flow diagram illustrates how STIR/SHAKEN works: 1. A SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) INVITE is received by the originating telephone service provider. 2. The originating telephone service provider checks the call source and calling number to determine how to attest to the validity of the calling number. Full Attestation (A) — The service provider has authenticated the calling party and they are authorized to use the calling number. An example of this case is a subscriber registered with the originating telephone service provider’s softswitch. Partial Attestation (B) — The service provider has authenticated the call origination, but cannot verify the call source is authorized to use the calling number. An example of this use case is a telephone number behind an enterprise PBX. Gateway Attestation (C) — the service provider has authenticated from where it received the call, but cannot authenticate the call source. An example of this case would be a call received from an international gateway. 3. The originating telephone service provider uses the authentication service to create a SIP Identity header. The authentication service could be a third-party service hosted in the cloud a software application integrated with the telephone service provider’s softswitch or Session Border Controller (SBC). The SIP Identity header contains the following data: Calling number Called number(s) Current timestamp Attestation level Origination identifier 4. The SIP INVITE with the SIP Identity header is sent to the terminating telephone service provider. In addition, the Identity token may be sent across the internet, out-of-band, to the terminating provider’s Call Placement Service. 5. The SIP INVITE with the Identity header is passed to the verification service. 6. The verification service obtains the digital certificate of the originating telephone service provider from the public certificate repository and begins a multi-step verification process. If all verification steps are successful, then the calling number has not been spoofed. The SIP Identity header is base64 URL decoded and the details are compared to the SIP INVITE message. The public key of the certificate is used to verify the SIP Identity header signature. The certificate chain of trust is verified. The verification service returns the results to the terminating service provider’s softswitch or SBC.' Top Patent Assignees - Robocall NEC, Panasonic, and Fujitsu are top patent holders for robocalls because they are all major telecommunications companies with a long history of developing and deploying telecommunications technology. The global robocall market is expected to reach $100 billion by 2025. This growth is being driven by the increasing use of robocalls for a variety of purposes, including telemarketing, fraud, and political campaigning. The development of new robocall technologies is likely to play a major role in the growth of the robocall market. NEC, Panasonic, and Fujitsu are well-positioned to benefit from this growth, as they are among the leading developers of robocall technology. Top Patent Application Countries Seminal Patents - Robocall US10110741B1 Determining and denying call completion based on the detection of robocall or telemarketing call Original Assignee: TelTech Systems Inc. Current Assignee: TelTech Systems Inc. It relates to a method for handling an incoming call, comprising the steps of determining that the incoming call is an unwanted call. The process included locating at least one prior call where the characteristics of a calling party match that of the unwanted call, determining an audio response which kept the calling party in the prior call longest and playing the audio response which kept the calling party in the prior call longest in the unwanted call. Before forwarding the call to intended recipient, the call is routed within a switch. First, phone number of calling party is checked the call is answered by the switch at this point. A continued ringing sound is played to the calling party, a greeting or a request for a name to be stated. Meanwhile, when answering the call, the audio received from the calling party is compared to prior stored audio in a database. Then signatures stored such as the audio signatures transcribing the voice recording of the call are compared to further determine if the call is an unwanted robocall or telemarketing cal US20140192965A1 Method for blocking illegal prerecorded messages Original Assignee: John Almeida Current Assignee: Unoweb Inc. This patent proposes a method for blocking illegal prerecord messages (robocalls). The method uses telephone number lists and a telephone exchange server to enable the blocking of illegal robocalls and to enable the legal ones to proceed free of impediment. The method includes the following steps: 1. Server computer receiving a request to permit a telephone call to the first telephone when the telephone call originates from a second telephone number; 2. Storing the first telephone number and the second telephone number; 3. Intercepting a call to the first telephone number and determining an originating telephone number for a device making the intercepted call; 4. Comparing the originating telephone number to the telephone number list and if the originating telephone number is in the telephone number list, then the server computer enables the call to ring at the first telephone. US9553985B2 Determining and denying call completion based on detection of robocall or unsolicited advertisement Original Assignee: TelTech Systems Inc. Current Assignee: TelTech Systems Inc. The method proposed prevents the receipt of unwanted calls by determining an intermediate switch between calling party and called party. If the calling party is in the database of previously verified callers, the call is passed on to the called party. If not, then the calling party is prompted to provide data, such as "press 5 to be connected' or “say proceed’ before being allowed to connect. Once connected, the called party may indicate that the call was/is unwanted and should be disconnected. Then, the call is disconnected from the called party while being maintained with the switch. The call is also recorded to detect future unwanted calls. The detection of future unwanted calls may be modified based on association of called parties to each other which further may be used to change the threshold of closeness of audio signatures between calls. Rules and Regulations to Combat Robocalls The United States has implemented several rules and regulations to combat robocalls and protect consumers from unwanted and potentially fraudulent calls. These rules include: Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA): The TCPA is a federal law that restricts telemarketing calls and the use of automated dialing systems, prerecorded messages, and artificial or prerecorded voice calls. It also requires telemarketers to maintain a "Do Not Call" list and honor the National Do Not Call Registry. National Do Not Call Registry: The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) maintains the National Do Not Call Registry, where consumers can register their phone numbers to opt out of receiving unsolicited telemarketing calls. Telemarketers are required to check this registry and refrain from calling registered numbers. Robocall Mitigation: The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has implemented rules to require phone service providers to implement robocall mitigation measures, including the implementation of the STIR/SHAKEN framework to authenticate caller ID information and reduce spoofed calls. Truth in Caller ID Act: This federal law prohibits the use of misleading or inaccurate caller ID information with the intent to defraud, cause harm, or wrongfully obtain anything of value. Enforcement Actions: Federal and state agencies, including the FTC and FCC, take enforcement actions against individuals and organizations engaged in illegal robocall activities. These actions can result in substantial fines and penalties. Call Blocking and Screening: Many phone service providers offer call blocking and screening services to help consumers filter out unwanted robocalls and spam calls. Call Authentication Technologies: The implementation of call authentication technologies like STIR/SHAKEN (Secure Telephone Identity Revisited/Signature-based Handling of Asserted Information Using Tokens) helps verify the authenticity of caller ID information, making it more difficult for robocallers to spoof phone numbers. Consumer Reporting: Consumers are encouraged to report unwanted robocalls to the FTC and FCC, as well as to their phone service providers, to aid in tracking and enforcement efforts. Conclusion In the future, robocalls are expected to face a landscape characterized by increasingly stringent regulations and enhanced enforcement efforts, as governments worldwide respond to the growing nuisance of unwanted calls. Technological advancements will play a pivotal role, with call authentication technologies like STIR/SHAKEN becoming more prevalent and AI-driven call filtering tools continuing to improve. Telecommunication companies are likely to implement carrier-level solutions to block robocalls at the source. Additionally, consumer awareness will rise, making it more challenging for scammers to succeed. Meanwhile, fraudsters will adapt by using more sophisticated tactics, such as convincing voice synthesis and personalized content. International collaboration and legal actions against large-scale robocall operations will increase, while consumer empowerment through call-blocking apps and reporting mechanisms will continue to grow. Despite these developments, the battle against robocalls will remain an ongoing challenge, marked by a dynamic interplay between regulatory efforts, technology innovations, and the evolving strategies of malicious actors. #technology #patents #emergingtech #telecom

What is Network Access Control? Network Access Control (NAC) is a set of technologies and policies that organizations use to manage and secure access to their computer networks. The primary goal of NAC is to ensure that only authorized users and devices can connect to a network while preventing unauthorized or potentially risky devices from gaining access. NAC solutions are particularly important in modern network security strategies, where the proliferation of mobile devices, IoT (Internet of Things) devices, and remote work has made network security more complex. Working - Network Access Control (NAC) The working of Network Access Control (NAC) involves a series of steps and processes to ensure that only authorized users and devices can access a network while enforcing security policies. Here's a high-level overview of how NAC typically works: 1. Authentication and Authorization: When a device attempts to connect to the network, it is first required to authenticate itself. This can involve various methods, such as username/password, digital certificates, or multifactor authentication. The NAC system verifies the user's credentials and identifies the device. 2. Endpoint Assessment: After authentication, the NAC system assesses the security posture of the device. This assessment checks for compliance with security policies and standards. It may involve scanning the device to verify the presence of up-to-date antivirus software, security patches, and proper configurations. 3. Policy Evaluation: Based on the authentication and assessment results, the NAC system evaluates access policies. Access policies define who or what is allowed to connect to the network, what resources they can access, and under what conditions. 4. Access Control Decision: The NAC system makes a decision about whether to grant, restrict, or quarantine the device's access to the network. This decision is based on the device's compliance status and the defined access policies. 5. Enforcement of Policies: If the device complies with security policies, it is granted access to the network. Access control mechanisms within the network infrastructure (e.g., switches, routers, firewalls) enforce these policies. Non-compliant devices may be restricted or placed in a quarantine network for remediation. 6. Network Monitoring and Visibility: Throughout the connection, the NAC system continuously monitors network traffic, user activities, and device behavior. This provides real-time visibility into network activities, allowing the system to detect security threats, policy violations, and network performance issues. 7. Guest Access and Segmentation: For guest users or non-standard devices, NAC systems often provide a controlled and isolated guest network. This ensures that guests can access the network while maintaining security and network segmentation. 8. Incident Response and Remediation: If a security incident or policy violation is detected, the NAC system can initiate incident response procedures. This may involve isolating the affected device, notifying administrators, and taking remediation actions to address the issue. 9. Logging and Reporting: NAC systems generate logs and reports detailing network activities, compliance status, and security incidents. These logs are valuable for compliance audits, troubleshooting, and incident analysis. 10. Ongoing Monitoring and Maintenance: NAC systems require ongoing monitoring and maintenance to adapt to changing network conditions and security threats. Policies may need to be updated, and new devices and users must be accommodated. Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330873017_A_Behaviour_Profiling_Based_Technique_for_Network_Access_Control_Systems Importance of Network Access Control (NAC) NAC is critical for modern businesses because it allows organizations to monitor the devices and users – both authorized and unauthorized, trying to access the network. Unauthorized users include cybercriminals, hackers data thieves, and other bad actors that an organization must keep out. But businesses must also be gatekeepers for authorized users. This particularly applies to organizations that allow remote access to the enterprise network from non-corporate devices like mobile phones, laptops, and tablets, or companies that allow employees working in the office to use personal devices. Both scenarios create significant security risks demanding organizations to address network security. NAC is one aspect of network security. It provides visibility into the devices and users trying to access the enterprise network. It controls who can access the network, including denying access to those users and devices that don’t comply with security policies. NAC solutions and tools help companies control network access, ensure compliance, and strengthen their IT infrastructure. A typical network access server verifies user logon information to conduct authentication and authorization operations. A network access server performs many network access control services. A network access server, also known as a media access gateway or remote access server, manages remote logins, creates point-to-point protocol connections, and guarantees authorized users access to the resources they require. A network access server can perform a variety of tasks such as: • Internet service provider (ISP): a company that allows authorized users to connect to the Internet. • VPN (virtual private network): allows remote users to connect to a private company network and resources. • Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP): This protocol enables consumers to use communication applications over the Internet. The network access server supports the following: • Network load balancing, which distributes traffic and improves reliability and performance. • Network resource management, which manages and allocates resources for networking operations. • Network user sessions to keep track of users and save their data. Types of NAC Network Access Control (NAC) solutions can vary in terms of their features, deployment models, and capabilities. Here are some common types of NAC: 1. Agent-Based NAC: In this approach, software agents are installed on endpoint devices (e.g., laptops, and smartphones). These agents communicate with NAC servers to assess and enforce access policies based on device compliance. Agent-based NAC provides comprehensive visibility and control over endpoints. 2. Agentless NAC: Agentless NAC solutions do not require the installation of software agents on endpoint devices. Instead, they rely on various methods, such as network scans and passive monitoring, to assess and enforce policies. Agentless NAC is often used in scenarios where agent deployment is impractical or not feasible. 3. 802.1X NAC: This type of NAC leverages the IEEE 802.1X standard for network port authentication. Devices attempting to connect to the network must authenticate themselves using credentials or digital certificates before they are granted access. 802.1X NAC is commonly used in wired and wireless networks. Cloud-Based NAC: Cloud-based NAC solutions are hosted and managed in the cloud, offering scalability and ease of deployment. They are particularly well-suited for organizations with distributed networks and remote users. On-Premises NAC: On-premises NAC solutions are installed and managed within an organization's own data center or network infrastructure. They provide direct control over NAC policies and data but may require more extensive infrastructure support. Hybrid NAC: Hybrid NAC combines elements of both cloud-based and on-premises NAC solutions. It offers flexibility by allowing organizations to maintain some control on-site while leveraging the scalability and benefits of the cloud. Endpoint Posture Assessment NAC: This type of NAC focuses on assessing and enforcing security compliance on endpoints, ensuring that devices meet specified security standards before granting access to the network. Network-Based NAC: Network-based NAC solutions primarily assess and enforce policies at the network level. They may not require endpoint agents and can be implemented at the network perimeter or within specific network segments. Guest NAC: Guest NAC solutions provide controlled and secure access for guest users, such as visitors or contractors, allowing them to connect to a segregated network with limited access to corporate resources. IoT NAC: IoT-specific NAC solutions are designed to manage and secure the growing number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices on corporate networks. They address unique challenges associated with IoT, such as device profiling and behavioral analysis. Policy-Based NAC: Policy-based NAC solutions focus on enforcing network access policies based on user roles, device types, location, and other contextual factors. They provide granular control over access rights. Identity-Based NAC: Identity-based NAC relies on user authentication and identity management to determine access rights. It often integrates with identity and access management (IAM) systems to enforce policies based on user identities. The choice of NAC type depends on an organization's specific requirements, network architecture, security objectives, and scalability needs. Many organizations use a combination of NAC types to address different use cases within their network environment. Patent Analysis Huawei, ZTE, and Cisco are the top three patent assignees for network access control (NAC) technology because they are all major players in the networking industry. They have been investing heavily in NAC research and development, and they have a strong track record of innovation in this area. Market Share: Huawei is the leading player in the NAC market, with a market share of 22.5% in 2022. Huawei's NAC products and solutions are used by telecommunications operators, enterprises, and governments around the world. Cisco is the second-largest player in the NAC market, with a market share of 18.0% in 2022. Cisco's NAC products and solutions are used by telecommunications operators, enterprises, and governments around the world. ZTE is the third-largest player in the NAC market, with a market share of 10.5% in 2022. ZTE's NAC products and solutions are used by telecommunications operators and enterprises around the world. Large domestic markets: Both China and the United States have large domestic markets for NAC products and solutions. This provides a strong incentive for companies in these countries to invest in research and development in NAC technology. Leading companies: Both China and the United States have leading companies in the NAC market. These companies have a strong track record of innovation in NAC technology, and they are well-positioned to continue to lead the market in the future. Conclusion Network Access Control (NAC) is crucial in modern network security. Its primary purpose is to enhance security by allowing only authorized users and devices to access the network, thus preventing unauthorized access and mitigating threats. NAC verifies device compliance with security standards, offering real-time visibility into network activities and facilitating secure guest access. It's essential for managing the security challenges posed by IoT devices and helps organizations meet compliance requirements. NAC also plays a vital role in managing personal devices in the workplace, mitigating insider threats, and optimizing network performance. Overall, NAC addresses the critical needs of network security, access control, compliance, visibility, and management in today's interconnected digital landscape. Network Access Control (NAC) is a critical component of modern network security strategies. It addresses the need for enhanced security, access control, compliance enforcement, and network visibility. NAC systems work by authenticating users and devices, assessing their security posture, evaluating access policies, and enforcing access control decisions. This ensures that only authorized, compliant, and trusted entities gain access to the network. NAC plays a crucial role in safeguarding networks from unauthorized access, malware, and cyber threats, while also helping organizations meet compliance requirements. It is a versatile tool with applications in various industries and organizations, contributing to network security and performance optimization. Implementing NAC requires careful planning, ongoing maintenance, and a commitment to adapt to evolving security challenges in the digital landscape. References https://www.networkworld.com/article/3654479/what-is-nac-and-why-is-it-important-for-network-security.html https://docs.genians.com/release/en/genian-nac-admin-guide.pdf https://www.securew2.com/blog/network-access-control https://ordr.net/article/network-access-control-nac/ https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/network-access-control https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/network-access-control.html https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/feature/Three-reasons-to-deploy-network-access-control-products

Hearing loss has a significant impact on one's life. It impacts your social connections, emotional well-being, and even your professional life. Individuals with hearing loss were widely assumed to have a variety of other disabilities until the 16th century, which resulted in them being highly discriminated against. This fact was not disproved until a Spanish monk named Pedro Ponce taught a nobleman's deaf sons how to read, write, speak, and do the math. They're often undetectable to the people with whom you're interacting. That wasn't always the case, though! Background Those with hearing loss have been utilizing hollowed-out horns of animals like cows and rams as primitive hearing devices since the 13th century. The better-ear trumpet was not invented until the eighteenth century. Ear trumpets, which were funnel-shaped in design, were man's earliest attempt at designing a device to remedy hearing loss. However, they did not magnify sound; instead, they collected it and funneled it into the ear through a tiny tube. These bulky ear trumpets and the resulting speaking tubes didn't operate very well. Alessandro Volta, a researcher, implanted metal rods in his own ears and connected them to a 50-volt circuit in about 1790. This is the first time electricity has been used to hear. Another attempt to excite the ear electrically was made around 1855. Other tests with electrical treatment for ear disorders were also conducted. How Does Normal Hearing Work? When sound enters the ear, it travels from the pinna (or auricle) into the ear canal and causes the eardrum (or tympanic membrane) to vibrate. The eardrum is placed before the middle ear, which amplifies the sound before delivering it to the inner ear. The eardrum is connected to three tiny bones in the middle ear, which transmit vibrations to the fluid-filled region of the inner ear (called the cochlea). The vibrations create movement in the fluid-filled cochlea, which causes the inner ear's microscopic hairs to move. This triggers a chemical reaction that stimulates the hearing nerve, which then transmits the information to the brain, where it is recognized as sound. First Hearing Implant The Akouphone In the nineteenth century, the first electrical hearing aids were introduced to the world. The telephone, which was invented in 1876, provided the required technology to manage sound loudness, frequency, and distortion. Using this technique, Miller Reese Hutchison of Alabama created the first electric hearing aid in 1898. Hutchison's concept employed a carbon transmitter to amplify weak audio signals using electric currents, which was a big breakthrough for hearing aids. His device was dubbed the "akouphone." The item cost US $400, which equates to US $13,236.67 in today’s time. It wasn't a solution that was easily transportable, however. Because the akouphone was so huge, it had to be placed on a table. The Vactuphone (1920s to 1940s) Earl C. Hanson, a navy engineer, developed a vacuum tube hearing aid in 1920. Sound amplification became much more efficient with this new type of hearing aid. Even people with severe forms of hearing loss may benefit from it. The vactuphone technology converted voice into electrical signals using a telephone transmitter. As the signals progressed to the receiver, they became more amplified. Despite the batteries being stored in a big compartment at the bottom of the box, the vactuphone was still quite enormous. It's light enough to fit in a small bag, weighing just over three kilogrammes. However, batteries were extremely costly in 1920. The vactuphone originally cost $135.00 and is now worth around $1,742.00. The vacuum tube hearing aid became more popular during the next two decades, and its size gradually shrank. Transistor Hearing Aids (1950s) The invention of transistors in 1948 resulted in significant advancements in hearing aid technology. Transistors could now take the role of vacuum tubes, which had the drawback of becoming rather hot. Because these aids used less battery power, they shrank in size as well. They'd soon resemble the hearing aids we have today in appearance. They can also be worn behind the ear or within. In 1951, mass production began in the United States. However, because the time to market was so short, transistor hearing heads were never thoroughly tested. A Texan business developed a silicon transistor that was more effective and stable than its predecessor in 1954. Transistors could get moist and cause the hearing aid to fail after only a few weeks, as was later discovered. The problem was rectified by adding an extra layer of coating. When Jack Kilby devised the integrated circuit, now known as the microchip, in 1958, the age of the transistor hearing aid came to an abrupt end. His invention would pave the way for today's hearing aid technology and completely change the business. Digital Hearing Aids (1960s) Hearing aids would get smaller and more powerful as the digital age progressed. From the 1960s forward, hybrid gadgets with analogue features became popular. Hearing aids became minicomputers only a decade later when the microprocessor was invented. Hearing aid technology would swiftly advance after that. Former US President Ronald Reagan was photographed wearing his hearing aid in the office in 1983. Reagan claimed that the hearing aid assisted him in overcoming a problem with high-pitched sounds. According to the New York Times, his hearing loss supposedly began in the 1930s, when a pistol was shot quite close to his right ear. The president of the United States' public acknowledgment was a watershed moment for the hard of hearing community. It depicted a powerful international leader promoting hearing aid use. It would significantly eliminate the stigma attached to hearing aids. Digital hearing aids had never been seen before in the 1990s. Another US president quickly followed suit, publicly promoting the use of hearing aids and emphasizing the need for hearing examinations. As a music fan, Bill Clinton was well aware of the consequences of excessive volume listening. Long-term exposure, combined with natural decrease, necessitated the use of a hearing aid, which was practically imperceptible by 1997. Digital technology swept the market with a vengeance. In the years that followed, personalization was at the forefront of technological breakthroughs. Hearing implants became fully customizable to different types of hearing loss in the 2000s. Hearing aid users can now tailor their devices to their specific needs and preferences. Many hearing aid users reported a significant improvement in their experience as a result of this. Bluetooth was first used in 2010, and you may now connect your hearing device directly to your television and smartphone if you so desire. Almost every aspect of your listening experience can now be personalized. The only limit appears to be the sky! The Breakthrough Researchers achieved a significant breakthrough when they discovered that electrical energy might be converted into sound before reaching the inner ear. Researchers discovered that applying a current near the ear could produce auditory sensations during the Depression years of the 1930s. The scientific community also gained a better understanding of how the cochlea functions. The year 1957 brought the first stimulation of an acoustic nerve with an electrode by the scientists Djourno and Eyries. The participant whose nerve was activated was able to hear background noise in that experiment. In the 1960s, research accelerated dramatically. The electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve was still being studied. Researchers achieved a significant breakthrough when they discovered that particular auditory nerves must be activated by electrodes in the cochlea to replicate the sound. In 1961, Dr. William House implanted three patients. All three discovered that the implants could help them in some way. An array of electrodes was put in cochleas a few years later, from 1964 to 1966, with good results. Researchers learned more about electrode placement and the effects of that placement. From the 1970s to the 1990s, implant technology advanced tremendously. In the 1970s, more patients were implanted, research proceeded, and a multichannel device was developed. In 1984, the cochlear implant was no longer considered experimental and received FDA approval for adult implantation. Other advancements in speech processors and other implant technology were developed throughout the 1990s, particularly the shrinking of the speech processor so that it could be put into a BTE hearing aid-like device. Working of Hearing Implant A hearing implant offers a sense of hearing by bypassing the damaged hair cells in the cochlea and directly activating the auditory nerves with electrical signals, rather than just making sounds louder (as with a traditional hearing aid). A hearing implant has two primary parts: an external element that hooks over the ear or is worn off the ear (on the head) and an internal part that is surgically inserted. A strong magnet is used to connect the two components. Hearing implants come in a variety of shapes and sizes. The most important one for someone who has hearing loss is determined by the source and kind of hearing loss. Hearing implants are relevant in all circumstances when a person with hearing loss would not benefit fully from the sound amplification of hearing aids or is unable to wear hearing aids for some reason. Hearing Implant Components A digital hearing aid consists of several essential components that work together to amplify and process sound for individuals with hearing impairments. These components include: Microphone : The microphone is responsible for picking up sounds from the environment. It converts acoustic signals into electrical signals that can be processed by the hearing aid. Signal Processor : The digital signal processor (DSP) is the heart of the hearing aid. It processes the electrical signals from the microphone to enhance and adjust the sound based on the wearer's specific hearing needs. This processing can include noise reduction, feedback suppression, and frequency shaping. Amplifier : The amplifier increases the strength of the processed electrical signals. It amplifies the sounds according to the wearer's hearing prescription, which is typically determined through a hearing test. Receiver (Speaker) : The receiver, also known as the speaker, converts the amplified electrical signals back into acoustic signals (sound) and delivers them into the wearer's ear canal. Battery : Most digital hearing aids are powered by small, replaceable batteries. The type and size of the battery can vary depending on the hearing aid's design and features. Volume Control : Some hearing aids have manual volume controls, allowing wearers to adjust the amplification level to their comfort or specific listening situations. Program Button : Many digital hearing aids have a button or switch that allows users to switch between different hearing programs or settings. These programs can be optimized for various listening environments, such as quiet spaces or noisy gatherings. Microphone Directionality : Some advanced digital hearing aids have directional microphones that can focus on sounds coming from a specific direction while reducing background noise from other directions. Bluetooth and Wireless Connectivity : Modern digital hearing aids often come equipped with Bluetooth technology, enabling wireless connectivity to smartphones, TVs, and other devices for streaming audio and adjusting settings via a companion app. Feedback Cancellation : Feedback cancellation systems help prevent the annoying whistling or feedback noise that can occur when the microphone picks up the amplified sound from the receiver. Telecoil : A telecoil, or T-coil, is a component that allows hearing aids to pick up signals from hearing loop systems in public places, improving accessibility in venues like theaters and churches. Wax Guards and Filters : These small components help protect the microphone and receiver from earwax and debris, which can affect performance. Ear Mold or Dome : The ear mold is the part of the hearing aid that fits into the wearer's ear canal. It can be custom-made or come in various sizes and shapes to ensure a comfortable and secure fit. Wire and Tubing : These components transmit sound from the hearing aid to the ear mold or dome. Patent Data Analysis The consistent upward trend in patent filings within the digital hearing implant technology sector over the last decade reflects the increasing focus on innovation and advancement in this field. Several factors contribute to this surge. Firstly, the growing aging population worldwide has heightened the demand for effective hearing solutions, prompting increased research and development efforts. Additionally, advancements in digital signal processing, wireless connectivity, and miniaturization have enabled more sophisticated and user-friendly hearing implant technologies. This, in turn, has spurred competition among companies and researchers to secure intellectual property rights for their innovations, resulting in a steady rise in patent filings. Ultimately, this trend underscores the ongoing commitment to improving hearing healthcare and accessibility for those with hearing impairments. Cochlear is a global hearing implant company that invests heavily in research and development (R&D). In 2022, Cochlear invested AUD$180 million in R&D, which is about 12% of its total revenue. This investment is focused on developing new technologies to improve the hearing outcomes of people with hearing loss. Cochlear's R&D investment is essential to its mission of providing people with hearing loss with the best possible hearing solutions. The company's commitment to innovation has helped to make cochlear implants one of the most successful medical devices in history. Disadvantages of Hearing Implants There are hazards associated with every surgical operation involving an implanted medical device. They include the following, according to the FDA: • Facial nerve injury • Infection • Dizziness or tinnitus • Numbness • Taste Abnormalities • Device infection • Balance problems What Does the Future Hold for Hearing Implants? The future of hearing implants holds immense promise and potential, driven by ongoing technological advancements, growing demand, and a commitment to improving the quality of life for individuals with hearing impairments. Here are some key trends and developments to anticipate: Miniaturization and Aesthetic Improvements : Hearing implant devices are likely to become smaller, more discreet, and aesthetically appealing, addressing concerns about visibility and comfort. Advanced Signal Processing : Continued developments in digital signal processing will enhance sound quality and speech understanding for implant users, even in challenging listening environments. Wireless Connectivity : Hearing implants will increasingly incorporate wireless technology, allowing seamless connectivity to smartphones, TVs, and other devices for streaming audio and fine-tuning settings. Artificial Intelligence (AI) : AI-driven algorithms will play a significant role in optimizing hearing implant performance, adapting to users' preferences, and improving real-time sound processing. Biocompatible Materials : Innovations in biocompatible materials will lead to longer-lasting and more comfortable implants, reducing the need for frequent replacements. Hybrid Solutions : Combining cochlear implants with residual natural hearing (hybrid solutions) will become more common, offering improved sound perception and localization. Regenerative Medicine : Ongoing research into regenerative medicine may lead to therapies that restore damaged inner ear structures, potentially reducing the need for implants in some cases. Personalized Hearing Healthcare : Tailored treatment plans and implant settings based on an individual's unique hearing profile will become more prevalent, optimizing outcomes. Accessibility and Affordability : Efforts to increase the accessibility and affordability of hearing implants will ensure that more people with hearing loss can benefit from these technologies. Global Expansion : Hearing implant technology will continue to expand globally, reaching underserved populations in emerging markets, where hearing healthcare infrastructure is developing. Telehealth : Remote programming, adjustments, and follow-up care through telehealth services will enhance convenience and accessibility for implant users. Research Collaborations : Collaborations between industry leaders, academic institutions, and healthcare professionals will drive innovation and expedite breakthroughs in the field. Overall, the future of hearing implants is marked by a commitment to improving user experience, enhancing accessibility, and harnessing cutting-edge technologies. These advancements will continue to empower individuals with hearing impairments to lead fulfilling lives and participate fully in their communities. References- https://www.embs.org/pulse/articles/hearing-aid-history-from-ear-trumpets-to-digital-technology/ https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cochlear-implants/about/pac-20385021#dialogId59108769 https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/cochlear-implants https://www.hearinglink.org/your-hearing/implants/middle-ear-implants/

The use of sensors in the biomedical field has been instrumental in revolutionizing the way medical professionals monitor and diagnose various health conditions. The rapid advancements in modern technology have led to the development of innovative solutions in the field of healthcare and biomedical engineering. One such solution is the creation of flexible sensors for biomedical applications. In recent years, the advancement in sensor technology has led to the development of flexible sensors that offer numerous benefits over traditional rigid sensors. These benefits include improved comfort, increased mobility, and better patient compliance, leading to more accurate monitoring and treatment of various medical conditions. Flexible sensors are electronic devices that are able to bend, twist, or stretch without damaging their functionality, making them ideal for use in wearable devices, implantable medical devices, and a wide range of other applications in the biomedical field. What are Flexible Sensors? Flexible sensors are devices that can be bent, twisted, or stretched, allowing them to conform to the shape of the body and providing more natural and comfortable wear. They are typically made of soft and flexible materials such as polymers, silicone, and graphene, which can be molded and shaped into various forms to suit different medical applications. Flexible sensors are electronic devices that are designed to be flexible and adaptable. They are made from a range of materials, including plastic, metal, and silicone, among others, and the materials used are chosen based on the specific requirements of the application and the intended use. For example, wearable devices require sensors that are lightweight, flexible, and durable, while implantable medical devices require sensors that are biocompatible and non-toxic. Flexible sensors are used to measure various physical and physiological parameters, including temperature, pressure, acceleration, and electrical activity. The flexibility of these sensors allows them to be integrated into various wearable and implantable devices, providing real-time data on the wearer's health and wellness. Need for Flexible Sensors Flexible sensors have proven to be a versatile and innovative solution in the field of biomedical engineering. They offer a number of benefits that make them an attractive option for various applications. Firstly, the flexibility of these sensors allows them to be integrated into various wearable and implantable devices, providing real-time data on the wearer's health and wellness. Additionally, flexible sensors are able to withstand high levels of stress and strain, making them ideal for use in devices that are subjected to frequent movement and bending. This is especially important for wearable devices, as they need to be able to withstand the rigors of everyday use without losing functionality. Furthermore, flexible sensors are also cost-effective compared to traditional sensors, as they can be mass-produced at a lower cost due to their simpler design and the use of flexible materials. This makes them a more accessible option for individuals and healthcare providers who are looking for cost-effective solutions for monitoring and tracking health and wellness. Types of Flexible Sensors Flexible sensors are classified based on their sensing principle, and some of the most common types include: 1. Flexible Temperature Sensors: These sensors detect changes in temperature and can be used to monitor body temperature, environmental temperature, or heat flow. 2. Flexible Pressure Sensors: These sensors detect changes in pressure and can be used to monitor air pressure, blood pressure, or fluid pressure. 3. Flexible Humidity Sensors: These sensors detect changes in humidity and can be used to monitor moisture levels in the environment. Applications of Flexible Sensors in the Biomedical Field Flexible sensors have found numerous applications in the biomedical field, including: Wearable Health Monitoring Devices: Wearable health monitoring devices are one of the most common applications of flexible sensors. They can be used to monitor a variety of vital signs such as heart rate, temperature, and respiratory rate, providing continuous monitoring and early detection of potential health problems. Diagnostic Tools: Flexible sensors have emerged as highly versatile diagnostic tools, revolutionizing the field of healthcare. These sensors, designed to conform to the body's contours and movements, enable real-time monitoring of various physiological parameters. They offer a non-invasive and comfortable approach to collecting data, making them particularly valuable for continuous health monitoring, disease detection, and management. By seamlessly integrating into wearable devices and medical garments, flexible sensors empower individuals and healthcare professionals with accurate insights, paving the way for personalized and proactive healthcare solutions. Prosthetics: Flexible sensors can be integrated into prosthetic devices, such as artificial limbs, to provide improved control and better feedback to the wearer. This can lead to more natural and intuitive movements and improved quality of life for those using prosthetic devices. Monitoring of Chronic Conditions: Flexible sensors can also be used to monitor chronic conditions such as diabetes, where continuous monitoring of glucose levels is required. This can improve patient compliance and help prevent potential complications associated with uncontrolled diabetes. Sleep monitoring: Flexible sensors can be used to monitor sleep patterns, providing feedback on factors such as sleep duration and quality. For example, the Beddit Sleep Monitor is a flexible sensor that can be placed under a mattress to monitor sleep patterns, providing personalized feedback on sleep quality and recommendations for improvement. Implantable Medical Devices: Flexible sensors can be used in implantable medical devices such as pacemakers and insulin pumps. They can monitor vital signs, provide data for adjusting medication levels, and improve patient outcomes. Physical Therapy: Flexible sensors can be used in physical therapy to track and monitor a range of motion and muscle activation patterns. This information can be used to assess patient progress and adjust treatment plans. Sports medicine: Flexible sensors can be used in sports medicine to monitor athlete performance and prevent injuries. For example, the Catapult OptimEye S5 is a wearable device that uses flexible sensors to monitor an athlete's movements, providing feedback on factors such as acceleration, deceleration, and change of direction. Tissue Engineering: Flexible sensors can be used in tissue engineering to monitor the progress of tissue growth and development. They can provide information on the mechanical and electrical properties of the tissue, allowing researchers to optimize tissue growth conditions and improve the quality of the final product. Rehabilitation: Flexible sensors can be used in rehabilitation to track the progress of patients with physical disabilities or injuries. They can provide information on the patient's movements, strength, and coordination, allowing therapists to design more effective rehabilitation programs. For example, researchers at the University of Texas at Arlington developed a flexible sensor that can be attached to a knee brace to monitor the range of motion in a patient's knee, providing feedback on the effectiveness of rehabilitation exercises. Advantages of Flexible Sensors Improved Comfort: Flexible sensors are designed to conform to the shape of the body, making them more comfortable to wear for extended periods. This is particularly important for patients with chronic conditions who may need to wear sensors for long periods of time. Increased Mobility: Flexible sensors are designed to move with the body, allowing patients to perform their daily activities with greater ease and freedom. This is particularly important for patients with mobility impairments who may struggle with rigid sensors. Better Patient Compliance: Improved comfort and increased mobility lead to better patient compliance, with patients more likely to use flexible sensors as directed. This can improve the accuracy of monitoring and treatment, leading to better health outcomes. Reduced Risk of Skin Irritation: Flexible sensors are typically made of soft, skin-friendly materials that are less likely to cause skin irritation compared to rigid sensors. This is particularly important for patients with sensitive skin who may experience discomfort or skin irritation from traditional rigid sensors. Durability: Flexible sensors are often made of tough, flexible materials that are less likely to break or damage, even when subjected to repeated bending or stretching. This makes them more durable and less likely to require frequent replacement. Cost-effective: Flexible sensors are often more cost-effective compared to traditional rigid sensors, as they are typically made of low-cost materials and can be manufactured using simple and efficient processes. Limitations of Flexible Sensors Despite their numerous advantages, there are also several limitations of flexible sensors that must be considered. Some of the key limitations include: Accuracy: Although flexible sensors have improved in accuracy over the years, they still have limitations compared to traditional, rigid sensors. In some cases, the flexibility of the sensors can affect their accuracy, as the material may deform or stretch, leading to measurement errors. Durability: Flexible sensors are often made from soft materials, which can make them less durable than traditional, rigid sensors. This can limit their lifespan and make them susceptible to damage or wear over time. Power: Flexible sensors often require a power source to operate, which can be a challenge in some biomedical applications where battery life is a concern. This may limit the mobility and versatility of wearable devices that use flexible sensors. Cost: Despite advances in technology, flexible sensors can still be more expensive than traditional, rigid sensors. This can limit their accessibility and make them less attractive for some biomedical applications where cost is a concern. Interference: Flexible sensors can be susceptible to interference from other sources, such as electromagnetic radiation or movement artifacts. This can limit the accuracy of the data collected and make it more difficult to interpret. Integration: Integrating flexible sensors into wearable devices can be a challenge, as they must be designed to work seamlessly with other components and software. This can limit the versatility of wearable devices and make it difficult to upgrade or modify them as technology evolves. Signal Quality: Flexible sensors can experience signal quality issues, such as noise, drift, or crosstalk, which can impact the accuracy of the data collected. This can be particularly challenging in environments where there are many sources of interference, such as in hospitals or other healthcare settings. Compatibility: Flexible sensors may not be compatible with existing systems or technologies, which can limit their integration into healthcare systems and make it more difficult to obtain and analyze the data collected. This can also make it more difficult to transfer data between different healthcare providers and systems, which can limit the ability to provide comprehensive and effective patient care. Calibration: Flexible sensors may require frequent calibration to maintain accuracy, which can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. This can also make it more difficult to use flexible sensors in field settings where frequent calibration is not feasible. Market Scenario - Flexible Sensors The market for flexible sensors was estimated at US$ 7.6 billion in 2020 and is expected to increase at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.8% from 2021 to 2027, reaching US$ 12.83 billion. The main driver of the demand for flexible and printable sensors is thought to be the rising demand for consumer electronics globally. Consumer demand and preference appear to be upended in the near future by technological improvements and advancements in electronic devices. One of these technologies that have a significant impact on the gaming and entertainment sector is flexible electronics, which has a variety of advantages including light weight, portability, and toughness. Additionally, flexible electronics provide for novel intuitive user interfaces with the capacity to roll, curve, conform, and flex. The combination of flexible electronics with wearable technology, in addition to its sophisticated capabilities, is anticipated to create a new interface for the flexible electronics market. Therefore, it is anticipated that numerous technological developments in the consumer electronics sector will have a substantial impact on the market expansion of printed and flexible sensors in the next years. In addition to consumer electronics, the market for flexible and printed sensors is expected to rise due to notable developments in vehicle electronics. Advanced safety features and driver assistance systems are expected to drive up demand for sensors in cars, which will further fuel the industry's expansion of flexible and printed electronics. However, the main causes of concern that restrain the growth of flexible and printed sensors over the ensuing years are their high cost relative to rigid sensors and their significant risk of damage during handling. However, the growing adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence in electrical devices is projected to present market players with enticing opportunities, supporting market expansion. Prominent Players in the Flexible Sensors Market: Conclusion Flexible sensors offer numerous benefits over traditional rigid sensors in the biomedical field, including improved comfort, increased mobility, and better patient compliance. However, there are still some challenges associated with flexible sensors that need to be addressed, including performance, power supply, data transmission, and integration with medical devices. Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of flexible sensors in the biomedical field make them a promising technology for improving health outcomes and quality of life for patients. As technology continues to advance, it is likely that flexible sensors will play an increasingly important role in the biomedical field, providing more accurate and effective monitoring and treatment of various medical conditions. References https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1002007121001623 https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/12/4653 https://www.utmel.com/blog/categories/sensors/what-is-flexible-sensor https://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=47352.php https://www.nature.com/articles/micronano201643 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Different-shapes-of-wearable-devices-for-health-monitoring-tooth-mounted-sensor-photo_fig1_343309631 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8082806/ https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffantekmakina.com.tr%2Feid.asp%3Fiid%3D265721204%26cid%3D54&psig=AOvVaw3AkQqku9MKSPj-ah_gYxbX&ust=1676514629356000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjRxqFwoTCLDL5-u9lv0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABBD https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/wearables-and-trackers-for-competitive-sports/ https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.0c06106 https://www.precedenceresearch.com/printed-and-flexible-sensors-market https://www.electropages.com/blog/2020/03/wireless-and-wearable-polymer-temperature-sensor-healthcare-monitoring

The digital human market is still in its early stages of development, but it is expected to grow rapidly in the coming years. The market is being driven by the increasing demand for realistic and interactive digital humans across a wide range of industries. The global digital human market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 46.4% from 2022 to 2030, reaching a value of $527.58 billion by 2030. With the raging buzz around chatbots, people from all sectors are curious to know what the future of human communication looks like. Our heavy dependence on the internet foretells a digital future for human connections. The use of chatbots and virtual assistants is not new, but it feels unnatural. It does not replicate the feeling of speaking with a human. Digital Humans fill this space by providing an engaging means of communication: the human look that chatbots and virtual assistants lack. They have the communicating capability of a chatbot with an added human touch. What are Digital Humans? Digital humans are 3D virtual creations that resemble people identically and can mimic their behaviors, including their motions, facial expressions, and conversational speech patterns. The existence of a real person with the same name, physical description, and bodily traits may or may not be true for digital beings, so it is important to keep this in mind. Like chatbots or voice bots that we are accustomed to today, they are autonomous 3-dimensional objects that exist in virtual worlds. How does a Digital Human work? Digital humans are characterized by their physical appearance. The ability to look like humans, mimic body language, and facial expressions, and understand nonverbal nuances adds to their charm. Thus, the technologies used to create them must account for both their likeness and their capacity for precise language comprehension and application. It can be challenging to create a digital person. The creation of a digital person consists of three primary parts: generation, animation, and intelligence, each requiring a unique mix of art and technology. Teams must create 3D models, textures, shaders, a skeletal rig, and skin deformation in order to build digital humans. Artists must consider the physical components of the digital human, including the body, face, hair, and clothing, to create animation and movement. To get the proper motion for these pieces, deformation, and simulation are typically combined. As of present, there are primarily 2 ways to generate realistic performance: either manually animate or collect motion data using different performance capture systems. It frequently combines the two together. Recently, it has become more common to generate or synthesize animation using artificial intelligence (AI). Finally, artists must give digital humans intelligence, which they can do through two-way communication. An artificial person may converse with actual people using technologies such as Human Language Processing and Natural Speech (Riva, Ensemble AI, Replica). Both the actual world and the virtual world will be visible to them. They can traverse their environment by recognizing the surroundings and objects in it. Also, they will be able to see the users speaking to them, allowing them to look and answer appropriately. Digital humans are created using a wide range of technology, including 3D modeling and animation tools. Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Artificial Neural Networks are examples of the technologies used to "give life to" digital persons. The key technologies that constitute digital humans are as follows: 3D scanning as the foundation for 3D modeling 3D modeling to generate a 3D model of a person Natural language processing to comprehend voice commands Natural language generation to create responses Artificial intelligence to analyze input and learn from repeated patterns The visual and character qualities of digital human creation are supported by constantly evolving technology. Driving factors include the development of 3D scanning and visual capture tools, new, incredibly lifelike construction platforms, motion creation software, among other things. Types of Digital Humans Digital Doubles People have been experimenting and exploring various methods to represent themselves as the world gets more digital and even virtual. 1. Parallel Personalities One of the most common forms of digital humans; is an advanced form of a game avatar. It has been popularized by the rise of Fortnite and Roblox in the gaming community. These Parallel Personalities are now also present outside of video games. Twitch live streamers like MelodyProjekt and CodeMiko have now carved out their identity as virtual people. They constructed their characters using Unreal Engine, a motion capture suit from Xsens, motion capture gloves from Manus VR, and a facial tracking helmet from MOCAP Design. 2. Deep Fakes Walking the thin line between potential privacy violations and funny are deep fakes. They are a type of digital double that are difficult to differentiate from the original human. Humans are already troubled by false information and fake news, which makes us distrust everything we see. And certainly, this technology harbors danger. Consider the latest Deep Fake movies about Presidents Zelensky and Putin that were circulated to perplex individuals on both sides of the Ukraine conflict. This was the first for deep fake use in military conflicts. But there are also unique opportunities, as politician Yoon Suk-Yeol of South Korea can attest. He can talk to several individuals at once by using his deep false digital double. It responds to queries posed by the audience. Technically, Yoon's campaign staff is responding to the inquiries. Nonetheless, the audience feels as though they are interacting with the political candidate. Millions of people visited the avatar in just a few weeks. 3. Holograms 2Pac had a live performance at Coachella through a hologram. At her 40th birthday party, Kim Kardashian also received a special message from her late father through this technology. This offers fresh approaches to mourning the loss of loved ones. 4. Digital Twins We can create a digital reproduction of the equipment, personnel, procedures, and systems used by enterprises thanks to technology. A hospital can, for instance, assess operational plans, capacity, personnel, and care models with a digital twin. A person's human body will also be modeled using digital twins to enhance diagnosis, medical care, treatment, and other health interventions. It will help in predictive forecasting and improve the precision of medical interventions. Virtual Humans Digital Doubles are yet another depiction of actual people in a digital setting. Virtual Humans, on the other hand, are distinct, human-like individuals who solely exist in a virtual setting. 1. Virtual Assistants Business owners or service providers regularly deal with the conflict between their clients' desires for a rapid response and their preference for human interaction to obtain that response. Unfortunately, no business rationale can ever give a case in support of the investment for this. Virtual assistants help resolve this dilemma. Conversational bots are increasingly common today. The New Zealand police’s conversational bot, Ella, maintains daily interactions with citizens. 2. Virtual Influencers The term "virtual influencers" or "CGI influencers" refers to computer-generated fictitious "people" with the likenesses, traits, and dispositions of real people. The concept arose with the introduction of Lil Miquela, the world’s first virtual influencer, in 2019. Applications Of Digital Humans Numerous industries, including healthcare, manufacturing, customer service, and many more, have a wide range of options available thanks to digital humans. They were initially widely used as brand spokespeople after becoming influencers. Today, digital persons may be developed to do a wide range of interactive tasks, including basic consulting, customer service, and bot-like interactions. They can be used in various interactions, such as team training and collaboration sessions with pre-programmed facilitators, or as part of storytelling and creative process exercises. 1. Entertainment and the Media Digital humans have long been used in media and entertainment. The main way that digital humans contribute to this sector of the economy is through their performance in realism. With the introduction of numerous technologies, consumers are now able to distinguish between phony and real behavior. By providing computer-generated characters in movies and video games with a human touch rather than robotic movement, digital humans enhance their performance. 2. Manufacturing Compound machinery and robot use are integral to manufacturing. The usage of this sophisticated equipment inherently poses a danger to occupational health, with the riskier the workplace environment the heavier the machine. Data has been utilized to create situations over time that might provide manufacturing industries with information on risk and other possibilities. Manufacturing businesses can run several simulations, including ones that involve dangerous situations, and get results that are just as precise as those obtained by utilizing actual people. This aids the sector in incorporating the best practices and safety precautions into their surroundings, lowering risk in the workplace. 3. Medical Care As it is imperative to continuously enhance medical procedures in order to deliver better and more accurate results in the treatment of patients, training and process are among the primary necessities in the healthcare industry. Due to its ability to simulate, digital humans play a crucial part in medical research. A doctor can choose the optimal medical procedure for treating the associated health issue by combining data with an AI-driven digital human to better comprehend the potential adverse effects of any medical procedure. 4. Shopping In the retail sector, the main goal has always been customer happiness. The growth of digital businesses brings with it the usage of digital assistants, whose deployment provides constantly ready and prompt responses to consumer inquiries. As technology develops, consumers are expecting and demanding excellent services, just like in the media and entertainment sectors. The 24/7 accessibility of digital humans that interact with customers in a human-like manner improves user pleasure. Future of Digital Humans Every user will inevitably start using a digital human avatar as a persona to reside in the virtual worlds as we get closer to full adoption of the metaverse and Web 3. Users will soon be engaging with AI-powered "people" for everything in the metaverse as the relationship between humans and digital beings deepens. The common user will soon be able to create their own digital person in their likeness or as something or someone else. They shall engage with the digital world through these digital extensions of themselves. Conclusion While considering it critically, it is important to remember the goal, treating technology and its growth as a tool rather than as a replacement for a human person. As more digital beings are produced, their presence must improve and present opportunities. By broadening their horizons, they may now create, cooperate, amuse, or even perform mundane jobs, and they can also become friends, facilitators, teachers, and much more. Among the promising instruments that call for thoughtful integration are digital humans. These tools may accelerate technological development, allowing people to focus more on their own growth and helping humanity advance even further. References https://lucidrealitylabs.com/blog/digital-humans-technology-human-face#in-conclusion https://influencermatchmaker.co.uk/news/virtual-influencers-what-are-they-how-do-they-work https://www.synthesia.io/post/digital-humans https://wearebrain.com/blog/innovation-and-transformation-strategy/digital-humans-the-faces-of-the-future/ https://www.synthesia.io/post/digital-humans https://medium.com/@oortech/digital-humans-explained-what-they-are-and-how-well-interact-with-them-in-the-web3-age-d2df72cc0425

“To ensure you steer clear of any legal risk of reverse engineering, it should be performed only to the extent of allowances, such as for accessing ideas, facts, and functional concepts contained in the product.” Fundamental to building and executing any successful patent licensing program is the ability to find and prove evidence of infringement, often through reverse engineering methods. A product is purchased and deconstructed to understand how it was built, how it works and what it is made of. The process of reverse engineering usually involves multiple types of analysis; which type of reverse engineering to apply is determined by the type of technology and the industry in which the patented invention is being used. Intellectual property law does not discourage innovators from dismantling the inventions of their competitors, whether the technology is software, electronic, chemical, or mechanical. But there are still limits on how the results of a reverse engineering effort can be exploited. Done correctly, there is nothing wrong with reverse engineering, and it is not considered an “improper means” of gathering information, as defined by the Defend Trade Secrets Act (DTSA). Still, there are numerous unlawful ways to go about reverse engineering of which innovators who feel their work has been unethically obtained should be aware. Legal Doctrines Relating to Reverse Engineering Copyright law (17 U.S. Code § 1201 (f)) Trade secret law The anti-circumvention provisions of the DMCA (17 U.S. Code § 1201) Contract laws (EULAs, TOS, TOU, and NDA) Electronic Communication Privacy Act (ECPA) Copyright Law 17 U.S. Code § 1201 (f) Reverse Engineering 1. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a)(1)(A), a person who has lawfully obtained the right to use a copy of a computer program may circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a particular portion of that program for the sole purpose of identifying and analyzing those elements of the program that are necessary to achieve interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs, and that have not previously been readily available to the person engaging in the circumvention, to the extent any such acts of identification and analysis do not constitute infringement under this title. 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a)(2) and (b), a person may develop and employ technological means to circumvent a technological measure, or to circumvent protection afforded by a technological measure, in order to enable the identification and analysis under paragraph (1), or for the purpose of enabling interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs, if such means are necessary to achieve such interoperability, to the extent that doing so does not constitute infringement under this title. 3. The information acquired through the acts permitted under paragraph (1), and the means permitted under paragraph (2), may be made available to others if the person referred to in paragraph (1) or (2), as the case may be, provides such information or means solely for the purpose of enabling interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs, and to the extent that doing so does not constitute infringement under this title or violate applicable law other than this section. 4. For purposes of this subsection, the term “interoperability” means the ability of computer programs to exchange information, and of such programs mutually to use the information which has been exchanged. Copyright law provides a way out, especially for software developers. Even if the software is patentable, a developer may not want to go through the expense of an uncertain patent process. In this case, copyright provides an alternative avenue for limiting a competitor’s ability to exploit reverse engineered software. Copyright automatically applies to every original work of authorship, including software code. Among other things, a copyright owner has exclusive rights to the reproduction and distribution of the protected work and these rights extend to the entire work as well as its constituent parts. Reverse engineering of software often involves the reconstruction of code where a reconstruction may still infringe copyright by reproducing the key elements of the original software, even if it doesn’t reproduce the original code line-for-line. Trade Secret Law The United States Supreme Court has ruled that state trade secret laws may not rule out “discovery by fair and honest means,” such as reverse engineering. Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp., 416 U.S. 470, 476 (1971). The Supreme Court also upheld the legitimacy of reverse engineering in Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc., where it declared that the “public at large remained free to discover and exploit the trade secret through reverse engineering of products in the public domain or by independent creation.” 489 U.S. 141, 155 (1989). In California, reverse engineering is not a wrongful act in the eyes of the law, and similarly, in Texas, unless reverse engineering is not prohibited, it is considered a “fair and legal means” to obtain information. Reverse engineering that violates a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) or other contractual obligation not to reverse engineer or disclose may be embezzlement. Breaking a promise made in a negotiated NDA is more likely to result in a trade secret claim than violating a term in a mass-market End User License Agreement (EULA). If you are subject to any contractual restrictions, whether a EULA or NDA or if the code you are researching is generally distributed pursuant to such agreements, you should talk to a lawyer before beginning your research activities. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) The DMCA was passed in 1998 as an anti-piracy motion effectively making it illegal to circumvent copy protection designed to prevent pirates from duplicating digital copyrighted works and selling them. It also makes it illegal to manufacture or distribute tools or techniques for circumventing copy controls. But in reality, the controversial law's effects have been much broader by allowing game developers, music and film companies, and others to keep tight control on how consumers use their copyrighted works, preventing them in some cases from making copies of their purchased products for their own use. Anti-circumvention provisions of the DMCA prohibit circumvention of “technical protection means” that effectively control access to copyrighted work. That “technical protection means” refers to the techniques used by software vendors such as authentication handshakes, code signing, code obfuscation, and protocol encryption. For example, if any third-party developer by doing reverse engineering develops a copy of a game that connects to the game server and performs authentication handshakes then that type of reverse engineering is beyond fair use or interoperability. This type of reverse engineering can be considered illegal. Therefore, anti-circumvention provisions limit reverse engineering. Contract Law Contract law varies based on the type of software application but most of the software products include EULA conditions of “no reverse engineering” clauses. Therefore, contract law in most cases limits reverse engineering. 1. End User License Agreement (EULA): This is a legal contract between a software developer or vendor and the end-user of the software. These agreements are also known as “click-through” agreements that bind customers to a number of strict terms. Following are examples of some common EULA clauses that apply to customers’ behavior: · "Do not criticize this product publicly." · “Using this product means you will be monitored." · "Do not reverse-engineer this product." · "Do not use this product with other vendors' products." · "By signing this contract, you also agree to every change in future versions of it. Oh yes, and EULAs are subject to change without notice." · "We are not responsible if this product messes up your computer." 2. Terms of Service notice (TOS): This is a legal agreement between a service provider and a person who wants to use that service. For example, access to mobile applications or websites. Using this, service providers can deactivate accounts that do not follow the terms of this agreement. It is also known as “Terms and conditions” and comprises phrases which are attached to services and/or products. Services that include these terms are web browsers, e-commerce, web search engines, social media, and/or transport services. Terms of service vary based on the product and depend on the service provider, so any comment with respect to reverse engineering the product varies accordingly. 3. Terms of Use Notice (TOU): It is an agreement that a user must agree to and abide by in order to use a website or service. It is also referred to as “Terms of Service”, “Terms and conditions'' and/or “Disclaimer”. Terms of Use vary based on the product and depend on the service provider, so any comment with respect to reverse engineering the product varies accordingly. 4. Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA): This is an agreement in which parties agree not to disclose secret information. For example, confidential and proprietary information or trade secrets. It is also known as the Confidentiality Agreement (CA), Confidential Disclosure Agreement (CDA), Proprietary Information Agreement (PIA), or Secrecy Agreement (SA). It is commonly signed between two companies which come under partnership in any business. The majority of software products today come with EULAs which have “no reverse engineering” clauses. Various other internet services also may have TOS or TOU that claim to restrict legal research activities. Researchers and programmers sometimes receive an outbreak of code pursuant to an NDA, developer agreement, or API agreement that limits the right to report security flaws. While it is more likely that a court will enforce a negotiated NDA than a mass-market EULA, the law is not clear, thus it is important to consult with counsel if the code a person wants to study is subject to any kind of contractual restriction. Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) The Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA), sections 18 U.S.C. 2510, restricts interference of electronic communications flowing over a network. Because packets are communications, network packet inspection may violate the ECPA. There are many exceptions to this restriction. For example, the service provider may intercept and use communications as part of “any activity which is a necessary incident to the rendition of his service or to the protection of the rights or property of the provider of that service, except that a provider of wire communication service to the public shall not utilize service observing or random monitoring except for mechanical or service quality control checks.” Further, if the parties to the communication consent, then there is no legal problem. The ECPA is a complicated regulation, so if your research involves inspecting network packets, even if you're only interested in addressing information, such as source and destination addresses, you should talk to a lawyer first about ensuring that your work meets one of the exceptions. In the United States, Section 103(f) of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), states that there is no cross-questioning on the legality of reverse engineering and circumvention of protection to achieve interoperability between computer programs. The procurement of the reverse-engineered product must be through legal means and the person must be the lawful owner of the product. Section 1201 (f) of the Copyright Act allows a person involved in a reverse engineered computer program to bypass technological measures which restrict one from accessing a computer program in order to analyze the program and gain interoperability with a different program. Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America proved that reverse engineering can be held as a fair outlier to copyright infringement under Section 107 of the Copyright Act, the court held reverse engineering act as permissible in respect to software to obtain valid information. In accordance with Section 107 of the Copyright Act, “The legislative history of section 107 suggests that courts should adapt the fair use exception to accommodate new technological innovations.” The court also noted, “A prohibition on all copying whatsoever would stifle the free flow of ideas without serving any legitimate interest of the copyright holder.” Sega Enterprises v. Accolade - Defendant developer of computer games appealed a preliminary demand entered by the U. S. District Court for the Northern District of California under the Copyright Act in favor of a plaintiff computer game system manufacturer whose product was reverse engineered by the defendant. The developer sold games he had developed for other systems with the computer code that made the games functional on the manufacturer's system. The court reversed the entry of the preceding demand. In light of the purpose of the Copyright Act to encourage the production of creative works for the public good, reverse engineering was a fair use of the manufacturer's copyrighted work. The disassembling of the manufacturer's product was the only reasonably available means for obtaining the unprotected functional codes of the manufacturer's game program. The screen display of the manufacturer's logo on games sold by the developer was the result of the manufacturer's security code needed for access to the unprotected functional code, and the manufacturer thereby was responsible for any resulting trademark disorientation. When the person seeking the understanding has a legitimate reason for doing so, such disassembly is as a matter of law a fair use of the copyrighted work. This principle was reinforced by cases such as Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp, Lexmark Int’l Inc. v. Static Control Components, and Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int’l, Inc. Be Aware of Restrictions Some restrictions on the act of reverse engineering or on what a reverse engineer can do with the emerging information may be necessary to ensure adequate incentives to invest in innovation. But in some cases, the restrictions have gone too far. In short, to ensure you steer clear of any legal risk of reverse engineering, it should be performed only to the extent of allowances, such as for accessing ideas, facts, and functional concepts contained in the product. Be especially cognizant of EULA agreements that state “no reverse engineering”, copyright laws, and anti-circumvention provisions before proceeding to perform any reverse engineering on the product. References https://peillaw.com/the-legalities-of-reverse-engineering/ https://www.eff.org/issues/coders/reverse-engineering-faq https://racolblegal.com/legality-of-reverse-engineering-of-a-computer-programme-does-it-amount- https://www.wired.com/2016/06/hacker-lexicon-digital-millennium-copyright-act/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol87/iss3/1/ The article was published in IPWatchdog. Copperpod provides reverse engineering services in order to uncover hard-to-find infringement evidence and dig deep into technology products. Our engineers use state-of-the-art RE techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF SIMS), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) to reveal the technology and materials used in fabricating a given chip - as well as the general blueprint and major component blocks inside the chip. Copperpod’s dedicated go-to technical team also performs product testing and network packet capture through packet sniffing, penetration testing, and information gathering tools such as Wireshark, Fiddler, BlueRanger, and PacketRanger in order to uncover infringement evidence.

In 1987, the Brundtland report titled "Our Common Future" provided the widely accepted definition of sustainable development: "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992, marked a significant milestone in acknowledging sustainable development. During the summit, various important declarations, including Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, were established. Additionally, landmark international treaties such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) were also formed. The role of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in facilitating the transfer of environmentally friendly technologies was a contentious issue during the negotiations and subsequent implementation of these outcomes. In 2015, the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which provides a comprehensive framework comprising 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to guide the global community in advancing sustainable development. Strikingly, IP is not prominently featured in this framework, despite the SDGs addressing a wide array of issues across various sectors of human activity. This omission, however, is not coincidental. IP institutions and norms have faced challenges in recognizing the significance of sustainable development and incorporating it into practical applications. Different viewpoints concerning the relationship between the legal framework promoting creativity and innovation and broader societal norms and policy priorities have emerged at both national and international levels. Nevertheless, intellectual property (IP) can serve as a powerful tool that can play a pivotal role in fostering innovation, technology transfer, and knowledge sharing to accelerate progress toward the SDGs. Understanding Intellectual Property Intellectual property refers to intangible creations of the human mind, which are protected by law through patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets. These protections incentivize creators and inventors to invest time and resources in developing new ideas, products, and technologies. By providing exclusive rights to these creators, IP encourages innovation, which, in turn, drives economic growth and societal advancements. Role of Intellectual Property in SDGs The Intellectual Property (IP) industry plays a significant role in supporting several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) due to its influence on innovation, creativity, and knowledge dissemination. Below are the SDGs that are particularly relevant for the IP industry: SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: This goal directly aligns with the IP industry's focus on promoting innovation and technological advancement. Intellectual property rights incentivize inventors and creators to develop new products and technologies, fostering progress in various sectors, including manufacturing, information technology, and telecommunications. SDG 4 - Quality Education: Intellectual property contributes to SDG 4 by facilitating access to educational resources. Copyright protection encourages the creation of high-quality learning materials, while exceptions and limitations in IP law enable educational institutions to disseminate knowledge and educational content more widely. SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being: The IP industry plays a crucial role in supporting advancements in healthcare. Patents and other IP rights encourage the development of life-saving medicines, medical devices, and technologies, contributing to improved health outcomes and access to essential healthcare services. SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy: Intellectual property is instrumental in driving the development and dissemination of clean energy technologies. Patents and other IP protections incentivize research and innovation in renewable energy sources, making clean energy solutions more accessible and affordable. SDG 13 - Climate Action: The IP industry supports climate action through the promotion of green technologies and environmentally friendly innovations. IP protections enable the transfer and adoption of sustainable practices, aiding in the global effort to combat climate change. SDG 2 - Zero Hunger: Intellectual property can contribute to achieving food security by encouraging advancements in agricultural technologies. Patents and other IP rights incentivize research into improved crop varieties, agricultural machinery, and sustainable farming practices, thereby enhancing food production and distribution. SDG 8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth: The IP industry fosters economic growth by encouraging creativity and innovation, which in turn leads to the development of new products and services, creating job opportunities and economic prosperity. SDG 10 - Reduced Inequalities: Intellectual property can be a double-edged sword when it comes to inequality. On one hand, IP rights can create barriers to access, especially in areas like healthcare. On the other hand, IP can also be a means of empowering and protecting the rights of creators and innovators, including those from marginalized communities. SDG 16 - Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: IP protection relies on a robust legal and institutional framework. Strengthening IP institutions helps promote a fair and just system that rewards creativity and encourages innovation. SDG 17 - Partnerships for the Goals: The IP industry plays a role in fostering international cooperation and technology transfer. Collaborative efforts between countries and stakeholders can lead to knowledge sharing and the equitable distribution of innovations, supporting the achievement of multiple SDGs. The IP industry is intertwined with several SDGs, as it serves as a driving force behind innovation, technological advancement, and knowledge dissemination. Different forms of IP contribute towards these goals in their own niche ways. Innovation and Technological Advancement: IP rights encourage innovation by providing inventors and creators the assurance that their efforts will be rewarded. This encourages research and development in critical areas such as healthcare, agriculture, and clean energy, which align with SDGs. Patents, for instance, play a pivotal role in incentivizing the creation of life-saving medicines, renewable energy technologies, and agricultural advancements that promote food security. Technology Transfer: One of the SDGs' central principles is to promote sustainable development in developing countries. Intellectual property can facilitate technology transfer from developed to developing nations by offering licensing agreements, which ensure access to knowledge and innovation. By sharing technology and expertise, we can bridge the technological gap and accelerate progress in achieving various SDGs, including poverty reduction and improved healthcare. Access to Knowledge and Education: Copyright and educational resources go hand-in-hand in the pursuit of SDG 4 (Quality Education). Copyright protection ensures that creators are rewarded for their educational content, encouraging them to produce high-quality learning materials. Simultaneously, exceptions and limitations in copyright law allow for the dissemination of knowledge, making education more accessible to a broader audience. Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge Preservation: SDG 15 (Life on Land) emphasizes the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of natural resources. Intellectual property, especially traditional knowledge and genetic resources, plays a role in safeguarding indigenous communities' cultural heritage and protecting their rights over traditional practices and medicinal knowledge. Climate Change Mitigation and Clean Technologies: The promotion of clean technologies and the transition to renewable energy sources are critical components of SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Intellectual property rights can foster the development and dissemination of green technologies, making clean energy solutions more accessible and affordable to a wider range of communities. Access to Medicines and Healthcare: SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) emphasizes the importance of ensuring access to affordable and essential medicines for all. Intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical sector can strike a balance between incentivizing research and the development of life-saving drugs while allowing for the production of generic medicines that are affordable for patients in need. Conclusion The role of intellectual property in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals cannot be understated. By promoting innovation, technology transfer, and knowledge sharing, IP rights contribute significantly to addressing the world's most pressing challenges. As we progress toward a more sustainable and equitable future, it is crucial to strike a balance between protecting intellectual property and ensuring that knowledge and innovations are accessible for the greater good. Policymakers, businesses, and society at large must collaborate to harness the potential of intellectual property in advancing the SDGs and creating a better world for current and future generations. References https://sdgs.un.org/

Quantum computers have a high potential to make significant contributions to the study of climate change and weather forecasts. They do so by using their parallel processing capabilities to perform simulations of complex weather systems. Quantum computers use quantum-mechanical phenomena such as superposition, entanglement, coherence, decoherence, and interference. The whole quantum computing revolves around qubits, reversibility, initialization, measuring states, and entanglement of states. Quantum theory is the core of quantum computers and explains the nature and behavior of energy and matter at a subatomic level. In quantum computing, elemental particles like electrons and protons are either charged or polarized, to make them act like 0 and/or 1. These elemental particles are called quantum bits or qubits. Quantum computers can perform complex simulations and calculations at a much faster speed than classical computers. These simulations can be used to create weather models that take into account numerous variables such as atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind speed, to make accurate predictions about future weather patterns. Additionally, quantum computers can also help analyze huge data from sensors and other sources. Thus, it provides valuable information for making a forecast and helps to understand and mitigate the impact of climate change. This can lead to improved accuracy and precision in weather modeling, as well as increased speed in running large-scale simulations. Mathematical Models for Quantum Simulations in the Weather Forecast The simulations for weather forecasting on a quantum computer involve encoding the mathematical models and equations that describe the Earth's atmosphere into the quantum states and operations of a quantum computer. This requires converting the classical representations of these models into a quantum representation and mapping the physical processes and interactions in the atmosphere onto quantum algorithms and quantum gates. The quantum algorithms are then run on a quantum computer, with the quantum states evolving in time to simulate the behavior of the atmosphere and climate. The output of these simulations can then be used to make predictions about future climate trends and weather patterns. The details of these simulations depend on the following- Accuracy of the mathematical models and equations being used, The specific quantum algorithms used, and The available quantum hardware The mathematical models used for quantum computer simulations in weather forecasting can vary depending on the specific weather phenomenon being studied and the type of quantum computer being used. The success of a mathematical model depends on its accuracy and reliability. The choice of a mathematical model depends on the available data, the nature of the system, and the goals of the modeling exercise. Quantum computers can potentially enhance the performance and accuracy of these models by providing faster and more efficient computations and processing of large amounts of data. The below diagram provides a general list of algorithms of the respective mathematical models that are currently being researched for quantum computing applications in weather forecasting: How Quantum Computer Forecasts Weather? The working of quantum computers for weather forecasting involves a combination of data analysis, algorithm design, quantum circuit design, and hardware implementation, along with integration with classical weather forecasting systems. Here is an overview of the steps involved in using a quantum computer for weather forecasting: Data Acquisition: Weather data, such as satellite images, radar data, and weather station measurements, is collected from various sources and stored in a database. Data Pre-processing: The data is cleaned, formatted, and pre-processed to prepare it for analysis. This may involve removing outliers, interpolating missing data, or converting the data into a suitable format for quantum computing. Quantum Algorithm Design: Researchers develop quantum algorithms that can process weather data and make predictions about future weather patterns. These algorithms may involve techniques such as quantum machine learning, quantum optimization, or quantum simulation. Quantum Circuit Design: The quantum algorithms are translated into quantum circuits, which are sequences of quantum gates that perform the necessary computations on the quantum state. Quantum Hardware Implementation: The quantum circuits are implemented on a physical quantum computer, which typically consists of a chip containing a small number of qubits. Execution and Post-processing: The quantum circuits are executed on the quantum computer, and the results are post-processed to generate weather predictions. The post-processing may involve statistical analysis or machine learning techniques to refine the predictions and estimate their accuracy. Integration with Classical Systems: The weather predictions generated by the quantum computer are integrated with classical weather forecasting systems to produce a final forecast. This may involve combining quantum predictions with traditional weather models or statistical techniques. Why use a Quantum Computer for Weather Forecasts? Increased Accuracy: Quantum computers can aid in providing more accurate weather and climate predictions by processing large amounts of data and running complex simulations. This is owing to their ability to perform many calculations in parallel, which allows them to process information much faster than classical computers. Improved Efficiency: Quantum computers can also help to make weather forecasting and climate modeling more efficient by reducing the time required to run simulations and process data. This is because quantum computers can perform many calculations simultaneously, which reduces the overall time required to obtain a result. Better Decision-making: By providing more accurate and reliable weather and climate predictions, quantum computers can help decision-makers to make more informed decisions about important issues such as energy production, infrastructure development, and disaster response. High-precision Measurements: Quantum computers can make very precise measurements, which is critical for weather forecasting, as even small errors in the input data can have a significant impact on the accuracy of the forecast. Dealing with Uncertainty: Weather forecasts are uncertain due to the complexity and unpredictability of atmospheric and oceanic processes. Quantum computers can be used to perform ensemble forecasts, which can provide information about the uncertainty and the range of possible outcomes in weather forecasts. Limitations of using a Quantum Computer for Weather Forecasts It is important to note that while quantum computers hold great potential for weather forecasting and climate modeling, they are still a relatively new technology and there are still many challenges to overcome. Scalability: Currently, quantum computers have limited qubits and computational power compared to classical computers. Weather forecasting is a computationally intensive task and requires large amounts of data and computations. While quantum computers have demonstrated promising results in solving certain problems, they are not yet powerful enough to handle the complex computations required for accurate weather forecasting. Noise and Error: Quantum computers are highly sensitive to noise and errors, which can affect the accuracy of the computations. Weather forecasting requires high levels of accuracy, and any noise or errors in the computations could lead to inaccurate predictions. Lack of Standardization: Quantum computing is still a rapidly developing field, and there is not, yet a standard set of tools, programming languages, or best practices that are widely adopted. This makes it difficult to develop and compare quantum algorithms and applications for weather forecasting. Cost: Building and maintaining a quantum computer is currently much more expensive than building a classical computer. This can make it difficult for research teams and organizations to access and use quantum computers for weather forecasting. Integration with Existing Infrastructure: Many weather forecasting models and systems are built on classical computers, and integrating quantum computing into these systems can be challenging. There is a need for tools and frameworks to enable the seamless integration of quantum computing into existing weather forecasting infrastructure. Lack of Data: Weather forecasting requires large amounts of data to make accurate predictions. While there is a significant amount of weather data available, there is still a need for more data to train and test quantum algorithms for weather forecasting. Patent Analysis In recent years, there has been a growing trend of investment in quantum computing for weather forecasting, with some startups and established companies working to develop quantum computing hardware and software solutions for this application. The investment trends in quantum computing for weather forecasting suggest that there is significant potential for this technology to transform the field of weather forecasting in the coming years. However, it is worth noting that quantum computing is still a relatively new and rapidly evolving technology and many technical challenges must be overcome before it can be widely adopted for weather forecasting and other applications. Top Players in the Field of Quantum Computers for Weather Forecast and Climate Change IBM has developed a quantum computer for weather forecasting. This quantum computer is capable of improving traditional mathematical methods of tracking and forecasting weather by handling large volumes of data more efficiently and quickly. IBM has collaborated with The Weather Company University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to develop a supercomputing-powered weather model that can predict weather events at a five times greater resolution than previous state-of-the-art systems. Pasqal and BASF (Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik -German company) have partnered to use quantum algorithms to predict weather patterns and solve other computational fluid dynamics problems. Pasqal has developed a proprietary algorithm designed to solve complex differential equations on near-term quantum processors. This algorithm is implemented using Pasqal's quantum analog mode, which makes it more efficient than classical high-performance computing. The collaboration between Pasqal and BASF is intended to build a foundation for extending Pasqal’s methods to support climate modeling. Pasqal builds quantum computers from ordered neutral atoms in 2D and 3D, offering a broad range of quantum solutions across different industries. Rigetti Computing, a pioneer in hybrid quantum-classical computing, has developed an effective solution to a weather modeling problem using quantum computers. This solution uses a hybrid quantum approach that performs as well as a classical baseline model, using synthetic data produced by a supervised quantum machine. It can benefit weather forecasting on both the local scale as well as on a grander scale for more-advanced and accurate warnings of extreme weather events, potentially saving many lives. 1QBit has developed a quantum computer for weather forecasting. It is capable of improving traditional mathematical methods for tracking and forecasting weather by handling large volumes of data and can be integrated effectively into state-of-the-art classical workflows to perform tasks with real-world applications. Quantum computers could be important tools for numerical weather and climate prediction in the future. Conclusion While there has been research into using quantum computers for weather forecasting, it is still in the early stages and more work needs to be done to demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of this application. Currently, research is focused on developing the necessary algorithms and infrastructure to make quantum computers useful for this task. There are many technical challenges associated with implementing the algorithms on real quantum computing hardware. Therefore, quantum computers for weather forecasting are still in the experimental phase, and much work needs to be done to develop the necessary algorithms, software, and hardware. It is worth noting that the use of quantum computers for weather forecasts is a very challenging area of research, and there are still many technical hurdles that must be overcome before they can be used on a widespread basis. References https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2017/06/supercomputing-weather-model-exascale/ https://www.insidequantumtechnology.com/using-quantum-computers/ https://1qbit.com/blog/quantum-computing/forecasting-the-weather-using-quantum-computers/#:~:text=quantum%20computing%20will%20serve%20to,and%20reducing%20property%20damage%20annually https://www.copperpodip.com/post/germanium-for-quantum-computing\ https://www.analyticsinsight.net/quantum-predictions-weather-forecasting-with-quantum-computers/#:~:text=quantum%20computing%20has%20the%20potential%20to%20improve%20conventional%20numerical%20methods,by%20using%20quantum%2dinspired%20optimization https://www.nature.com/articles/s41524-020-00353-z https://uwaterloo.ca/institute-for-quantum-computing/quantum-101/quantum-information-science-and-technology/quantum-simulation https://kzhu.ai/mathematical-model-of-quantum-computing/ https://www.slideshare.net/arupparia/introduction-to-mathematical-modelling-42588379 https://www.sdxcentral.com/security/quantum/definitions/technology/what-are-the-advantages-of-quantum-computing/#:~:text=the%20main%20advantage%20of%20quantum,any%20combination%20of%20the%20two. https://www.asioso.com/en/blog/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-quantum-computing-in-relation-to-digital-marketing-b536 https://www.asioso.com/de_de/blog/funktionsweise-von-quantencomputern-b533 https://www.itrelease.com/2020/10/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-quantum-computers/ https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/the-problem-with-quantum-computers/ https://community.ibm.com/community/user/ibmz-and-linuxone/blogs/destination-z1/2019/12/23/2015-in-review https://www.ibm.com/weather/industries/cross-industry/graf#:~:text=phenomena%20(~10km).-,IBM%20Global%20High%2DResolution%20Atmospheric%20Forecasting%20System%20(IBM%20GRAF),weather%20activity%20around%20the%20globe. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358281882_Partnership_for_Advanced_Computing_in_Europe_Quantum_Computing_-A_European_Perspective https://www.pasqal.com/industry/public https://www.meteorologicaltechnologyinternational.com/news/climate-measurement/pasqal-and-basf-to-use-quantum-computing-for-weather-prediction.html#:~:text=Neutral%20atoms%20quantum%20processor%20manufacturer,methods%20to%20support%20climate%20modeling. https://www.pasqal.com/articles/basf-collaborates-with-pasqal-to-predict-weather-patterns https://www.rigetti.com/news/rigetti-enhances-predictive-weather-modeling-with-quantum-machine-learning https://1qbit.com/blog/quantum-computing/forecasting-the-weather-using-quantum-computers/

Humans have always relied on their creativity and imagination to invent technologies and objects for improving the quality of life. Before the late 17th century, these inventions and works were displayed in public places, making them easily accessible to anybody for copying without any restriction or charge. The significance of such innovations became apparent over time when humans realized the worth of these intellectual property assets. Intellectual property assets like patents, trademarks, or registered designs became worth more than just some documentation for companies to protect. In today’s business environment, Intellectual Property (IP) is widely acknowledged as an amalgamation of legal and business assets. Handpicked from some of the world's most prestigious universities like Cornell University, Georgia Tech, UC Berkeley, and the Indian Institutes of Technology, Copperpod IP provides deep technical expertise on patent litigation and patent monetization campaigns. Our analyst teams are carefully curated to ensure that each analyst brings unique skills and expertise - and together provide the client with not only the most accurate but also the most holistic research to improve technical accuracy of legal arguments. Innovation and Intellectual Property Intellectual Property fosters innovation and economic prosperity. Whether the value is created through new technology, business models, or products and services, innovation is the driving factor behind it. Being the primary source of both long-term economic development and improved quality of life, innovation is crucial for a functional society and a prosperous economy. Intellectual Property is the medium of protecting this innovation and ensuring sustainable advancement of technology. IP drives not just innovation but also trade, competition and taxes. Copperpod IP recognizes the strengths of a geographically and culturally diverse nature of innovation - and leverages the synergies of our diverse team to deliver cost-effective and accurate patent research to clients. With presence in United States, Europe, India, and Japan, our team of experts works closely with outside counsel, in-house counsel and other client stakeholders throughout the patent monetization and IP litigation lifecycle. What Sets Us Apart? 1. Expertise Copperpod IP is the best patent research firm first and foremost because of our carefully curated team of experts in respective domains. Beyond core focus areas of telecommunications and software, each team member brings a unique specialization in an area such as life sciences, wearables, industrial materials and systems, semiconductors, and aviation. Instead of a one-size-fits-all approach, each project is staffed carefully to bring the best minds together and create cross-discipline synergy. 2. Attention to Detail Our attention to detail has helped our clients be successful in highly complex patent litigation matters. We stand behind every patent infringement analysis and every patent invalidity report, ready to get deeper into the technology and articulate the results as appropriate. All deliverables are monitored and undergo multiple quality checks to preempt surprises later in the campaign. 3. Quick Turnaround Client satisfaction is of the utmost importance at Copperpod IP. We are always ready to serve our clients at the speed of need, whether it is a volume-driven portfolio analysis or document review or simply a pinpoint response on a key argument during fact discovery. 4. Personal Growth and Development Our work on diverse projects relating to multiple disciplines like healthcare, artificial intelligence, e-commerce, electric vehicles, and telecommunications creates a uniquely dynamic learning environment for our team. Copperpod IP regularly organizes on-the-job technical and personal training workshops. We challenge the team to continuously condition themselves so that they are best adapted to the ever-evolving world of innovation and technology. 5. Team We work hard on developing a work culture that recognizes and rewards the spark of brilliance. Every team member is driven by the same vision for the company's future and the same passion to deliver the best technology research and patent analytics to clients. “Our primary focus remains the same regardless of whether we are mining a large healthcare patent portfolio, advising on complex electronics patent litigation, or evaluating a green technology startup: empower clients with the right answers at the right time to enable right decisions about their IP.” - Rahul Vijh, CEO, Copperpod IP What Does Copperpod IP Offer? 1. Portfolio Analysis and Management Our patent monetization team assists clients with the best patent portfolio services. We accomplish this by applying a combination of algorithmic methodologies and expert technical review to rank each patent on over 20 parameters. Our portfolio analysis relies on an approach that has been continuously refined for over 10 years and validated through success in past patent licensing and patent litigation campaigns. 2. Patent Infringement Analysis Copperpod IP has helped plaintiff attorneys prepare patent infringement claim charts and Rule 11 infringement contentions on more than 1000 patent disputes. We ensure that our claim charts are intensive, on time, and can clarify the technical concepts through straightforward expert comments and analysis. 3. Reverse Engineering Copperpod IP helps attorneys dig deep into technology products through reverse engineering, product testing, and network packet capture. Our reverse engineering evidence is used by leading patent attorneys to prove patent infringement and provides patent attorneys as well as testifying experts with confidence while preparing their infringement opinions. 4. Source Code Review We employ highly sophisticated tools and software to speed up the source code process while guaranteeing that no essential piece of code is overlooked. Our analysts work directly with expert witnesses and litigators to augment patent infringement contentions, develop exhibits for expert reports, and polish technical arguments for depositions and trials, all based on source code evidence. 5. Document Review The engineering team at Copperpod IP improve technical precision and dramatically lowers legal costs associated with document reviews. Our team collaborates with outside counsel and in-house counsel to not only categorize documents based on whether they are responsive to a case but also to identify critical evidence as early as possible in the case. Our document review experts are familiar with document review platforms such as Relativity, CS Disco, and Concordance. 6. Patent Invalidity Search & Prior Art Search Copperpod IP’s prior art search identifies patent and non-patent documents that may impact the validity of a patent’s claims. Our no-stone-left-unturned approach not only swiftly identifies important prior art but also provides all secondary prior art that may render the patent claims obvious. 7. Patentability Search Experts at Copperpod IP bring decades of patent research and patent litigation experience to help evaluate the patentability of inventions. We identify the closest prior art for new inventions by searching more than 100 patent office databases around the world - including European, Japanese, Chinese, and Korean patents - as well as all major non-patent literature and product databases. Copperpod IP team works with leading patent attorneys across the United States, Europe, and Japan to power patent licensing and litigation, with technology research and analytics. Our analysts have driven revenues of more than $2 billion for clients through patent licensing, jury verdicts, and patent portfolio transactions.

While drafting a patent application, it goes through the scrutiny of whether it falls under the legal requirements for patentability or not. The description of an invention must be so clear that anyone could copy or make the invention by reading the patent application and/or issued patent. Therefore, an experienced patent practitioner who is familiar with the law and technological area of the invention will provide great value-added to a patent project. Rules for Patent Eligibility There are four basic rules that can be outlined for the eligibility process. The first being only one patent can be guaranteed per invention. Second, the utility guidelines express that the invention needs to have a specific, credible, and substantial utility. The third refers to subject matter eligibility. There are defined matters such as process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter that are eligible for patenting. Fourth talks about whom the patent can be awarded to. The patent can be signed to “Whoever invents or discovers” implying persons involved in the act of inventing. A very important aspect of the process is recognizing the application under 35 U.S.C. § 101 of the patent act for the right subject matter. The USPTO saw 90% rejections due to subject matter eligibility after the decision on Alice was issued, making this statute one of the most important to focus on. 35 U.S.C. § 101 “Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefore, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title.” However, as “nulla regula sine exceptione”, the court has recognized a few exceptions or exclusions to the statute. The 101 statutes have been interpreted to exclude laws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas, and judicial exceptions. Talking about the judicial exceptions, courts have found those outside the sphere of the four statutory classifications of inventions. The same has been limited to nature, natural phenomena (including products of nature), and abstract ideas. The reasoning for these exceptions is that they "are the basic tools of scientific and technological work". The supreme court expresses that granting patents in these realms may hinder innovation rather than promote it. Timeline of Cases Starting in 2010 and Forward that have Shaped the Eligibility 2010, Bilski v. Kappos, (561 U.S. 593) - The claimed invention was related to a hedging process for the energy market. It was categorized as an abstract phenomenon where according to the court an inventive concept was not found. The supreme court rejected the Federal Circuit's decision in re Bilski deciding that the machine-or-transformation test was the sole method to ascertain any process constitutes subject matter that is eligible for a patent. The court suggested that the test be held as a clue to the analysis and not the result itself. The majority held that the invention was not in the sphere of patentable subject matter as it was an attempt to avoid an abstract idea. The supreme court agreed that the claim in relation to the concept of hedging was a "fundamental economic practice long prevalent in our system of commerce and taught in any introductory finance class." However, it was not made evident which test to administer henceforth to point out processes that were merely abstract ideas. 2012, Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc., (132 S.CT. 1289) - The claimed invention was related to metabolite correlation. It was categorized as a natural phenomenon where the court could not find the inventive concept. The case becomes a very large landmark for section 101 of the patent act. Even though the decision unanimously ruled that a medical testing patent was not patentable as it was non-statutory under 101, the case reiterated the rule that laws of nature, like natural phenomena and abstract ideas, are not patentable but outlined an exception. The court acknowledged that claims containing the laws of nature can be patentable as long as the concerned law of nature is applied in it. A detailed procedure to explain the decision was also given by the court. Importance was given to the additional elements added to the claim beyond the natural law must hold importance and cannot merely be steps that are conventional or routine. For Mayo, the court found that the claim was preempting the law of nature. 2013, Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., (132 S.Ct. 1794) - The claimed invention was related to gene sequencing. It was categorized under a natural phenomenon where the court did not accept the proposed invention claim but underlined another one. The supreme court held that isolating naturally occurring gene fragments could not be declared as an invention of something that is not found in nature. This was held true even with the exception of "isolating DNA from the human genome severs chemical bonds and thereby creates a non-naturally occurring molecule." Therefore, the invention claim was rejected under 101. However, the creation of a cDNA sequence from the mRNA exons-only molecule (which was naturally non-occurring) was announced as a patentable subject matter. 2014, Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int'l, (134 S. CT. 2347) - The claimed invention was related to an intermediated settlement and was categorized as an abstract phenomenon. This came momentous as it laid out a two-step process to rule out whether a claim is unpatentable for claiming an abstract idea. The Supreme court relying on the decisions ruled in Mayo v. Prometheus and Bilski v. Kappos unanimously held that the claims made in this case were not patentable under 101. The two-step test needs to determine whether the claim is ‘directed to’ an abstract idea in its initial process. Second, it needs to be questioned whether the claim contains an inventive concept outside the abstract idea. The supreme court went as far as to describe the inventive concept as "an element or combination of elements that is 'sufficient to ensure that the patent in practice amounts to significantly more than a patent upon the [ineligible concept] itself.'" The flow chart below explains the two-step process in order to understand whether a claim is eligible under 35 U.S.C. § 101 or not. The beginning of the subject matter eligibility test for products and processes is establishing the most reasonable and broadest interpretation of the claim in question as a whole. Two-step Process: U.S.C. §101 STEP 1 The first concept that will be questioned under the statutory category is whether the claim is to a process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter? If the response indicates no, there can be two outcomes. First, the claim will be a non-eligible subject matter under 35 U.S.C. § 101. Second, if the claim can be amended to fall within a statutory category then the test can proceed to the next step. Can analysis be streamlined? If yes, is the eligibility of the claim self-evident when looked at as a whole? If yes, then the claim is eligible subject under 35 U.S.C. § 101. STEP 2 2A) The next step under judicial exceptions; is the claim directly to a law of nature, natural phenomenon (product of nature), or an abstract concept? If the response indicates no, then the claim is eligible subject matter under 35 U.S.C. § 101. If the response indicates yes, then the claim needs to be evaluated in the next step of the test. 2B) The next step 2B is in regard to the inventive concept. Does the claim recite additional elements that amount to significantly more than the judicial exception? If the response indicates yes, then the claim is eligible subject matter under 35 U.S.C. § 101. If the response indicates no, the claim will be a non-eligible subject matter under 35 U.S.C. § 101. Conclusion To conclude, here is the use of an example to iterate how these cases helped draw a framework for Section 101 of the patent act to help it reach the stage it is at today. 2014, DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, (773 F.3d 1245 Fed. Cir). The case was in relation to web page manipulation based on an abstract phenomenon. The federal circuit examined whether a software-related invention was patentable. This appellate decision was based on the rulings of Alice’s two-step test. While there was no recognition of the abstract concert via step one, the court identified an inventive concept in step two directly. Extending from the results of the case, the court stated that the claims made in this case "do not merely recite the performance of some business practice known from the pre-Internet world along with the requirement to perform it on the Internet." Instead, the claims are "necessarily rooted in computer technology in order to overcome a problem specifically arising in the realm of the computer network." Copperpod provides portfolio analysis services that help clients to make strategic decisions such as In-licensing/Out-Licensing of patents, new R&D investments, or pruning out less critical patents. Our qualified and dedicated team of patent engineers provides strength parameters for each patent in a portfolio based on their technical quality, enforceability, offensive/defensive strengths & business value. Please contact us at info@copperpodip.com to know more about our services. Rahul is a seasoned IP Professional with 10 years of experience working closely with senior litigators on patent infringement and trade secret misappropriation. Rahul has a Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi and is a certified Project Management Professional (PMP). He has advised clients on more than 100 technology cases cumulatively resulting in over $1 billion in settlements and verdicts, including cases where he has testified at deposition or through expert reports.

J. Robert Oppenheimer J. Robert Oppenheimer, born on April 22, 1904, was an American theoretical physicist and one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century. He is best known for his leadership in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project. During World War II, Oppenheimer was appointed as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, which aimed to develop an atomic bomb. His leadership and scientific insights were crucial in bringing together a team of brilliant minds to work on the highly complex project. The successful test of the first atomic bomb, code-named "Trinity," took place on July 16, 1945, in the New Mexico desert. After the Manhattan Project, Oppenheimer continued his work in academia and served as the Director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He remained an influential figure in theoretical physics and participated in the promotion of international scientific cooperation. J. Robert Oppenheimer's legacy is a complex one, intertwining scientific achievements with the ethical dilemmas of scientific discoveries and the political challenges of his time. He is remembered as a brilliant physicist and a pivotal figure in the development of atomic weaponry, as well as a symbol of the responsibility scientists bear in the pursuit of knowledge and its applications. Oppenheimer passed away on February 18, 1967, leaving behind a lasting impact on physics and the world's understanding of the power and consequences of nuclear technology. J. Robert Oppenheimer's Patent Patent Number: US2719924A Title: Magnetic Shims Inventor: Oppenheimer J. Robert, Frankel Stanley Phillips, Nelson Eldred Carlyle Grant Date: 1955-10-04 The patent describes an invention related to the electromagnetic separation of ionized particles with different masses, particularly in a device called a "mass-spectro-separator" or "Calutron." The device is used to separate mixed particles based on their masses. The conventional device used a homogeneous magnetic field, which is a straight field with uniform intensity, produced between two parallel surfaces made of magnetizable materials. In this field, charged particles projected in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field would follow circular orbits in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field's direction. The inventor aims to improve the focus and efficiency of the separation process. To achieve this, they propose a method and means to increase the quantity of material separated into concentrated components without reducing the separation efficiency. The invention involves modifying the magnetic field to obtain sharper focus and improve separated particle collection. The objectives of the invention include: Increasing the quantity of separated material without reducing separation efficiency. Improving material separating devices of this type. Enhancing the sharpness of focus for an ion beam in the mass-spectro-separator. Efficiently separating components in a mass-spectro-separator using beams with relatively large angular spread. Providing a magnetic field that results in a sharp focus of desired components with minimal overlap of undesired components. Overall, the invention aims to optimize the separation process and improve the focus of the ion beam for better and more efficient separation of particles with slightly different masses. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer https://patents.google.com/patent/US2719924A/en?inventor=Oppenheimer+J+Robert&sort=old