In a world where reality and digital innovation converge, augmented reality (AR) headsets stand at the forefront of technological wonder. These futuristic devices promise to transform the way we perceive and interact with the world around us. Picture this: an ordinary street corner becomes a portal to a virtual world, a classroom lesson springs to life before your eyes, and your daily commute becomes a gateway to alternate dimensions. The AR headset, equipped with cutting-edge technology, brings these possibilities to life, seamlessly blending the real and virtual. But what exactly are AR headsets, how do they work, and what does the future hold for this remarkable technology? Let’s explore the world of AR headsets, from their inception to the limitless potential they hold for changing our reality.
What are AR Headsets?
Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that overlays digital information, such as images, videos, 3D models, or text, onto the real-world environment. It enhances the user's perception of reality by providing additional, computer-generated sensory input. This digital information is typically viewed through a device like a smartphone, tablet, or augmented reality headset, but it can also be experienced through heads-up displays (HUDs) in vehicles or other transparent screens.
An Augmented Reality (AR) headset, also known as a mixed reality headset or smart glasses, is a wearable device that combines elements of the physical world with computer-generated sensory input. These headsets are designed to overlay digital information, such as 3D graphics, text, or video, onto the user's view of the real world. AR headsets typically consist of a pair of glasses or goggles that include displays, sensors, and computing power.
How Does AR Headsets Work?
The process behind Augmented Reality (AR) glasses/headsets involves several steps to seamlessly integrate digital information into the user's real-world view. Here's a breakdown of these steps:
Sensors and Cameras: AR glasses are equipped with an array of sensors, including accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers. These sensors track the movements and orientation of the glasses in real-time. Cameras mounted on the glasses capture the user's surroundings, providing a live video feed of the real world.
Tracking and Mapping: AR glasses use computer vision and simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms to understand the user's environment. They identify key features, objects, or markers in the surroundings to create a 3D map of the environment.
Position and Orientation Calculation: The collected data from sensors and cameras is processed by an onboard computer or a connected device (like a smartphone or external processing unit). This computer calculates the precise position and orientation of the glasses in real-time.
Content Creation and Rendering: Based on the user's environment and the detected markers, the AR glasses generate or retrieve digital content. This content could include 3D models, text, animations, or other virtual elements that will be overlaid onto the real world.
Display and Optics: AR glasses have transparent or semi-transparent displays in the eyepiece. These displays use optics like waveguides, beam splitters, or projection technology to overlay the digital content onto the user's view. The optics ensure that the virtual elements align accurately with the real world.
Content Alignment: The system continuously aligns the virtual content with the user's perspective, ensuring that digital objects appear anchored to their real-world counterparts. The tracking data helps in this alignment, making sure that digital elements move convincingly as the user's head moves.
User Interaction: Many AR glasses support various interaction methods. Users can use gestures, voice commands, eye-tracking, or physical controllers to interact with and manipulate digital objects.
Audio Integration: AR glasses often come with built-in speakers or headphones to provide spatial audio. This enhances the immersive experience, allowing users to hear sounds as if they are coming from the direction of the virtual objects.
User Experience: The user sees the merged view through the AR glasses. They can explore the environment while interacting with digital content seamlessly integrated into their field of vision.
Real-Time Adjustments: The system continuously adapts to changes in the environment. For instance, if the user moves to a different location or interacts with the digital objects, the AR glasses make real-time adjustments to maintain the illusion of the digital content being part of the real world.
Typically, an optical system for augmented reality comprises various components. The light sources for augmented reality often utilize microdisplays like organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) or liquid crystal displays (LCD). In a binocular HMD, two displays create distinct images for each eye, enabling 3D perception through stereoscopy. In holographic HMDs, coherent light is modulated by a spatial light modulator (SLM). Meanwhile, the real-world light sources consist of light scattered by objects within the field of view.
The receivers are quite straightforward; they are the user's own eyes. These optical elements work together to merge light from the microdisplays with that from the real world, ultimately projecting augmented information from the microdisplays onto the real world. An illustrative example, as depicted in the below figure, involves the microdisplay being imaged at a distance from the AR glasses. This process is achieved through components like beam-shaping lenses, in-coupling prisms, prescription lenses, and a free-form image combiner. The resulting image, which combines the real scene with virtual information (augmented content), is then delivered to the user's eyes via the prescription lens.
Figure shows the side view and the beam path of the AR image of the proposed system. The prescription lens works both for vision correction and for wave-guide of the AR image. Light rays from a microdisplay refracted by a beam shaping lens enter the prescription lens through an in-coupling prism and create a magnified virtual image located a distance from the lens.
The detailed diagram for geometric parameters in the Prescription AR
The 3D diagram of optical components
History - AR Headsets/Glasses
1968: Ivan Sutherland created the Sword of Damocles, the first AR headset. The Sword of Damocles was a large and heavy device that was suspended from the ceiling and connected to a computer. It was not practical for everyday use, but it was a groundbreaking development in the field of AR.
1975: Myron Krueger established the Videoplace, an artificial reality laboratory. The Videoplace featured a variety of AR and VR technologies, including a head-mounted display that was used to create immersive experiences for users.
1992: Thomas P. Caudell and David W. Mizell coin the term "augmented reality" in a paper published by Boeing.
1994: Louis Rosenberg created the Virtual Fixtures system, the first fully immersive AR training system. Virtual Fixtures was used to train US Air Force pilots to fly new aircraft.
1997: VPL Research releases the EyePhone, the first commercial AR headset. The EyePhone was a bulky and expensive device, but it was a significant step forward in the development of AR headsets for consumer use.
2007: Google Glass is announced. Google Glass was a lightweight and stylish AR headset that was expected to revolutionize the way people interact with the world around them. However, Google Glass was released to mixed reviews, and it was discontinued in 2015.
2012: Oculus VR releases the Oculus Rift, the first virtual reality headset for consumers. The Oculus Rift was a major success, and it helped to spark the current wave of interest in VR and AR.
2016: Microsoft releases the HoloLens, the first commercial mixed reality headset. The HoloLens allows users to interact with both the real world and digital objects simultaneously.
2017: Magic Leap releases the Magic Leap One, a mixed reality headset that uses light field technology to create realistic digital objects.
2019: HoloLens 2 is a mixed reality headset developed by Microsoft. It's the second generation of the HoloLens series and represents a significant advancement in augmented reality technology.
2020: Facebook (now Meta) releases the Oculus Quest 2, a standalone VR headset that does not require a PC or smartphone to operate. The Oculus Quest 2 is the most popular VR headset on the market, and it has helped to make VR more accessible to consumers.
2023: Meta's new AR headset, the Meta Quest 3, was announced at the Meta Connect 2023 event. The Meta Quest 3 is a high-end mixed reality headset that is designed for both consumers and businesses. Apple Vision Pro is a mixed reality headset developed by Apple Inc. It was announced on June 5, 2023, at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference, with availability scheduled for early 2024 in the United States and later that year internationally.
Communication Protocols Used in AR (Augmented Reality) Headsets
Communication protocols used in AR (Augmented Reality) headsets depend on the specific model and its connectivity options. Here's a list of common communication protocols and interfaces used in AR headsets:
Bluetooth (BT): Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication technology. AR headsets use Bluetooth to connect with various peripheral devices, including hand controllers, smartphones, and computers. This enables data transfer, synchronization, and control between the AR headset and these external devices.
Wi-Fi (802.11x): Wi-Fi provides high-speed wireless internet connectivity to AR headsets. This allows access to cloud-based services, streaming content, over-the-air software updates, and remote AR applications. The choice of Wi-Fi standard (e.g., 802.11ac, 802.11ax) affects data transfer speed.
USB (Universal Serial Bus): AR headsets feature USB ports for multiple purposes. USB can be used for charging the device, transferring data between the headset and a computer, or connecting to external devices such as external cameras, storage, or peripherals.
5G (in advanced models): While not yet standard, some advanced AR headsets can leverage 5G cellular networks for ultra-fast internet connectivity. This technology allows for real-time data streaming, remote computing, and high-quality AR experiences.
Near Field Communication (NFC): NFC is used in AR headsets for short-range wireless data exchange with compatible devices. For instance, it can be used for secure pairing with smartphones or for mobile payments.
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID): RFID technology can be integrated into AR headsets for applications like asset tracking or inventory management. It allows the headset to identify and communicate with RFID-tagged objects or assets.
Zigbee: Zigbee is a low-power, wireless communication protocol typically used for smart home applications. Some AR headsets incorporate Zigbee to enable control of IoT (Internet of Things) devices in a smart home environment, creating interactive and automated AR experiences.
Infrared (IR): Infrared communication is often used for device pairing or data exchange over short distances. For AR headsets, it can facilitate communication between the headset and other peripherals, such as controllers or external sensors.
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface): HDMI is used for connecting AR headsets to external displays, like monitors or TVs. This enables mirroring or extending the AR content to a larger screen, useful for presentations or sharing experiences.
Wireless Display (e.g., Miracast): This protocol allows wireless screen mirroring from the AR headset to compatible displays without the need for physical cables. It offers flexibility for sharing content or presentations.
Ethernet (RJ45): Some enterprise or tethered AR headsets may include an Ethernet port for high-speed data transfer and network connectivity. This is common in professional or industrial AR applications.
Optical Fiber (in some enterprise models): Optical fibers are used for high-speed data transmission in enterprise-grade AR headsets, particularly for data-intensive applications like augmented manufacturing or training simulations.
Coaxial Cable (in some enterprise models): Coaxial cables offer high-bandwidth data transmission in specific industrial or professional AR headsets. This is important for maintaining data integrity and speed in complex applications.
Voice Over IP (VoIP) Protocols: AR headsets may use VoIP protocols for voice and video calls. These protocols enable real-time communication, making AR headsets suitable for teleconferencing and collaboration applications.
The specific communication protocols an AR headset employs can vary depending on its use case, intended applications, and connectivity options. These protocols enable data transfer, internet connectivity, and interaction with other devices, enhancing the functionality and versatility of AR headsets.
Conclusion and Future Scope
The global AR and VR headsets market size was estimated at USD 6.78 billion in 2022 and it is expected to hit around USD 142.5 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 35.6% during the forecast period from 2023 to 2032.
The growth of the AR headset market is being driven by a number of factors, including:
Increasing adoption of AR technology across a variety of industries, including gaming, healthcare, manufacturing, and education.
Growing demand for immersive and interactive experiences.
Decreasing the cost of AR hardware and software.
Increasing investment in AR headset research and development.
The scope of future AR headsets is expected to expand significantly in the coming years. AR headsets are expected to become more affordable, accessible, and powerful. AR headsets are also expected to be used in a wider range of applications, including gaming, entertainment, healthcare, manufacturing, education, and retail.
Here are some of the potential applications of AR headsets in the future:
Gaming: AR headsets can create immersive and interactive gaming experiences. For example, AR headsets can be used to create games where players can interact with virtual objects in the real world, or where they can explore virtual worlds that are overlaid onto the real world.
Education: AR headsets can be used to create interactive educational experiences that can help students learn more effectively. For example, AR headsets can be used to allow students to explore virtual models of historical landmarks, or to perform virtual experiments in science class.
Healthcare: AR headsets can be used to improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical procedures. For example, AR headsets can be used to provide surgeons with real-time information about the patient's anatomy during surgery or to help doctors diagnose diseases more accurately.
Manufacturing: AR headsets can be used to improve the efficiency and productivity of manufacturing processes. For example, AR headsets can be used to provide workers with step-by-step instructions on how to assemble products or to help them identify and troubleshoot problems.
Retail: AR headsets can be used to improve the customer shopping experience. For example, AR headsets can be used to allow customers to try on clothes or furniture before they buy it, or to get more information about products.
